Unit 4 Flashcards
The process by which are sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Sensation
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Perception
Analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain integration and sensory information
Bottom up processing
Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Top down processing
The focusing and conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Selective attention
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Inattentional blindness
Failing to notice changes in the environment
Change in blindness
The theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background simulation.
Signal detection theory
Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Subliminal
Deactivation of certain associations thus predisposing one’s perception memory response
Priming
The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
Difference threshold
The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage
Weber’s law
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Sensory adaptation
Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells in the neutral impulses are branded interpret
Transduction
The distance from the peak of one light or soundwave to the peak of the next
Wavelength
Dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light
Hue
The amount of energy in a light or soundwave which we perceive as brightness or loudness
Intensity
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
Pupil
The ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the opening
Iris
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
Lens
The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
Retina
The process by which the I was lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
Accommodation
Retinal receptors that detect black white and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond
Rods
Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina that the function in daylight or in well lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
Cones
The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Optic nerve
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there
Blind spot
The central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster
Fovea
Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
Feature detectors
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision
Parallel processing
The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors. Red green and blue
Young- helmholtz trichromatic theory
The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision.
Opponent process theory
The sense or act hearing
Audition
The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
Frequency
A toned experience highness or lowness; depends on frequency
Pitch
The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlear oval window
Middle ear
A coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
Cochlea
The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular Canals, and vestibular sacs
Innner ear
In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea membrane is stimulated
Place theory
In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, this enabling us to sense its pitch
Frequency theory
Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea
Conduction hearing loss
Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor fells or to the auditory nerves also called nerve deafness
Sensorineural hearing loss
A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into cochlea
Cochlear implant
This system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
Kinesthesis
The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
Vestibular sense
Theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass to the brain
Gate control theory
The principle that one sense May influence another, as when the smell of food included is Taste
Sensory interaction
And organize hole.
Gestalt
The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
Figure ground
The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Grouping
Ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance
Depth perception
The laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
Visual cliff p
Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, the depend on the use of two eyes
Binocular cues
Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either Eye alone
Monocular cues
Receiving for Milyer objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
Color constancy
InVision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
Perceptual adaptation
Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
Perceptual set
The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathic, clairvoyance
Extrasensory projection
Study of paranormal phenomena, and go to ESPN psychokinesis
Parapsychology
Binocular queue for perceiving that: by comparing images from the redness and two eyes the brain computes distance
Retinal disparity
And illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
Phi phenomenon
Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
Perceptual constancy
The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
Psychophysics
The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Absolute threshold
