UNIT 6 Flashcards
What is Stage 1 of the Prenatal Development? What is the timing?
The Zygote - Lasts about 2 weeks
- Less than half of all Zygotes survive first 2 weeks
- About 10 days after conception, the Zygote will attach itself to the uterine wall
What is Stage 2 of the Prenatal Development? What is the timing?
The Embryo - Lasts 6 weeks
- Happens 2 weeks after the Zygote
- Heart begins to beat and the organs begin to develop
What is Stage 3 of the Prenatal Development? What is the timing?
The Fetus
- Happens 9 weeks after the Embryo stage
- By about the 6th month, the stomach and organs have developed enough to survive outside of the mother
- The baby can hear and recognize sounds and respond to light
What stage is when a baby’s heart will begin to beat?
The Embryo Stage (2nd Stage)
What is Teratogen?
Harmful agents to the Prenatal environment.
Could be nutrition, illness, or substance abuse.
What does it mean when a newborn has a “rooting reflex?”
A baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open mouth and search for food.
What are two things a Newborn does?
- Turn towards human voices
- Gaze longer at human face like images
What is Maturation?
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
What did Piaget think about children?
They are active thinkers and are always trying to make sense of the world. To make sense of the world, they develop schemas.
What is a Schema?
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
What is Assimilation?
Interpreting one’s new experiences into one’s existing
NO CHANGE IN SCHEMA
What is Accommodation?
Adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
What is Object Permanence?
We are able to “see” objects even when they are out of sight.
What is Egocentrism?
The inability to take on another’s point of view.
IN THE PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
What is Conservation?
The ability to know that physical properties, like mass and volume, are the same even if the object is in a different form.
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
What is Reversibility?
Thinking logically, using analogies, and performing mathematical transformations.
EX: 5+9 is the same as 9+5
What is Sensorimotor?
A stage in development in which babies take in the world by looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping.
OBJECT PERMANENCE
What is Preoperational?
A stage in development between the ages of 2 and 6 when a child learns to use language.
At the end of the stage, you can understand conservation.
What is Concrete Operational?
A stage in development between 7-11 years old in which you can understand the concept of conservation and can think logically, use analogies and perform mathematical transformations.
What is Formal Operational?
A stage in development in which we can reason abstractly.
11-12 years old
What is the Theory of Mind?
A person’s general understanding that the people around them each have their own unique beliefs, perceptions, and desires.
What is Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
- We develop by internalizing our cultures language and relying on inner speech
- Emphasized how our minds grow through social interaction
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
The Zone between what a child can and cannot do.
What did Harry Harlow’s experiment with Monkeys prove?
The fact that the monkeys grew the most attached to the cloth mother, who satisfied no physical needs of the monkeys, showed that love and comfort were non-physical needs.
Describe Konrad Lorenz’s research…
He deepened the understanding of attachment in children by looking at a process called IMPRINTING.
What is the 1st type of attachment style according to Mary Ainsworth?
70 % of Infants - Secure:
- Distressed when the mother leaves
- Avoidant of strangers when alone, but friendly with mother around
- Positive and happy when mother returns
- Uses the mother as a safe base to explore their environment
What is the 2nd type of attachment style according to Mary Ainsworth?
15 % of Infants - Resistant:
- Intense distress when the mother leaves
- The infant avoids the stranger/shows fear of the stranger
- The infant approaches the mother, but resists contact, may even push her away
- The infant cries more and explores less than the other two types
What is the 3rd type of attachment style according to Mary Ainsworth?
15% of Infants - Avoidant:
- No sign of distress when the mother leaves
- The infant is okay with the stranger and plays normally when the stranger is present
- The infant shows little interest when the mother returns
- The mother and stranger are able to comfort the infant equally well
Is Temperament stable or changing over time?
Remains STABLE over time
What is the 1st parenting style?
Authoritarian Parents
- Impose rules and obedience
- “Why, because I said so!!!”
What is the 2nd parenting style?
Permissive Parents
- Parents submit to their children’s desires, make few demands and use little punishment
What is the 3rd parenting style?
Authoritative Parents
- Parents are both demanding and responsive
- Exert control by setting rules, but explain reasoning behind the rules
- Encourage open discussion
What is the 1st level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development?
Preconventional Morality
- Morality of self-interest
- Actions are either to avoid punishments or to gain rewards
What is the 2nd level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development?
Conventional Morality
Morality is based upon obeying laws to:
1. Maintain social order
2. To gain social approval
What is the 3rd level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development?
Post-conventional Morality
- Morality is based on your own ethical principles
What did Carol Gilligan believe about moral development?
Moral development is different for women…
- Women form their Moral and ethical foundation based on how their decisions will affect others
- Follows Kohlberg’s stages but are based upon research with women
What is the 1st stage of Erikson’s theory on social development?
Trust vs. Mistrust
- Birth-18 months
- Important event: feeding
- INFANTS FORM A LOVING, TRUSTING RELATIONSHIPS WITH PARENTS
- THEY ALSO LEARN HOW TO MISTRUST OTHERS
What is the 5th stage of Erikson’s theory on social development?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Adolescence
- Important event: Peers
- TEENS MUST ACHIEVE SELF-IDENTITY WHILE DECIPHERING THEIR ROLES IN OCCUPATION, POLITICS, AND RELIGION
What is the 6th stage of Erikson’s theory on social development?
Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Young Adult
- Important Event: Relationships
- THE YOUNG ADULT MUST DEVELOP MARRIAGE-SEEKING RELATIONSHIPS WHILE COMBATING FEELINGS OF ISOLATION
What is the 7th stage of Erikson’s theory on social development?
Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Middle Adult
- Important event: parenting
- ASSUMING THE ROLE OF PARENTS SIGNIFIES THE NEED TO CONTINUE THE GENERATIONS WHILE AVOIDING THE INEVITABLE FEELING OF FAILURE
What is the 8th stage of Erikson’s theory on social development?
Integrity vs. Despair
- Late adult
- Important event: life reflection
- ACCEPTANCE OF ONE’S LIFETIME ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND SENSE OF FULFILLMENT
As we age we…
- Experience conflicts
- Determine who we are
- Make relationships
- Reflect on our life so far
