AP Psychology Exam Terms PART 3 Flashcards
All the vocab needed for the 2024 AP Psychology Exam on May 9.
Belief Bias
Tendency of one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning by making invalid conclusions.
Belief perseverance
Tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.
Instinct
Complex behaviors have fixed patterns and are not learned.
Drive Reduction
Physiological need Creates arousal tension (drive) that motivates you to satisfy the need.
Optimum Arousal
Humans aim to seek optimum levels of arousal - easier tasks requires more arousal, harder tasks need less.
Hypothalamus
Stimulation increases sexual behavior, destruction leads to sexual inhibition.
Pituitary gland
Monitors, initiates, and restricts hormones.
Industrial/Organizational Psych
Psychological of the workplace - focuses on employee recruitment, placement, training, satisfaction, productivity.
Zygote
0-14 days, cells are dividing.
Embryo
Until about 9 weeks, vital organs are being formed.
The heart begins to develop/beat.
Fetus
9 weeks to birth, overall development
Teratogens
External agents that can cause abnormal prenatal development.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Large amount of alcohol leads to FAS, causes deformities, mental retardation, death.
Maturation
Natural course of development, occurs no matter what (walking).
Reflexes
Innate responses we’re born with.
Habituation
After continual exposure, you pay less attention - used to test babies.
Visual Cliff Experiment
Babies have to learn depth perception, so they will cross a “Cliff.”
Who created Cognitive Development?
Jean Piaget.
Schemas
Concepts or frameworks that organize info.
Assimilation
Incorporate new info into existing schema (aSSimilation = Same Stuff).
Accomodation
Adjust existing schemas to incorporate new information (ACcommodation = All Change).
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth to 2 years: focused on exploring the world around them.
Develop Sense of Self
By 2 years, can recognize themselves in the mirror.
Pre-operational Stage:
2-7 years: use pretend play, developing language, using intuitive reasoning.
Lack Conservation
Recognize that substances remain the same despite changes in shape, length, or position (girls with juice in glasses).
Egocentric
Inability to distinguish one’s own perspective from another’s - think everyone sees what they see.
Concrete Operational Stage
7-11 yrs: use Operational thinking, classification, and can think logical in concrete context.
Formal Operational Stage
11-15 yrs: use abstract and idealist thoughts, hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
Temperament
Patterns of emotional reactions and babies.
Harry Harlow
MONKEY EXPERIMENT
- discovered that contact comfort is more important than feeding.
Mary Ainsworth
Attachment Style.
Secure attachment
(60% of infants)
- upset when mom leaves, easily calmed on return
- tend to be more stable adults
Avoidant attachment
(20% of infants)
- actively avoids mom, doesn’t care when she leaves
Ambivalent attachment
(10% of infants)
- actively avoids mom, freaks out when she leaves
Disorganized attachment
(5% of infants)
- confused, fearful, dazed
RESULT OF ABUSE
Baumrind
Parenting Styles.
Authoritarian Style
Rules & Obedience
- “my way or the highway”
- kids lack initiative in college
Permissive Style
Kids do whatever
- no rules
- kids lack initiative in college
Authoritative Style
Give and take with kids
- kids become socially competent and reliable
Who created Moral Development?
KOHLBERG!!!
Preconventional Morality
Children: they follow rules to avoid punishment.
Conventional Morality
Adolescents: follow rules because rules exist to keep order.
Post conventional Morality
Adults: they do what they believe is right.
Who created Socioemotional Development?
Erik Erikson and his stages.
First Stage
Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-18 months):
if needs are dependably met, infants develop basic trust.
Second Stage
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-3 yrs):
toddlers learn to exercise their will and think for themselves.
Third Stage
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs):
learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans.
Fourth Stage
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 yrs to puberty):
learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks.
Fifth Stage
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence through 20s):
refine a sense of self by testing roles and forming an identity.
Sixth Stage
Intimacy vs. Isolation (20s-40s):
form close relationships and gain capacity for love.
Seventh Stage
Generativity vs. Information (40s-60s):
discover a sense of contributing to the world, through family & work.
Eighth and final Stage
Integrity vs. Despair (60s and up):
reflect on your life, feel satisfaction or failure.
Puberty
Rapid Skeletal and sexual Maturation.
Primary sex characteristics
Necessary structures for reproduction.
Secondary sex characteristics
Nonreproductive characteristics that develop during puberty.
Frontal lobe is not fully developed until what age?
25.
Gender roles
expected behaviors (norms) for men/women.
What did Sigmund Freud say about personality?
It was largely unconscious.
Conscious
Immediate awareness of current environment.
Preconscious
Available to awareness.
Unconscious
Unavailable to awareness.
id
Our hidden, true, animalistic wants and desires - operates on the pleasure principle, all about rewards and avoiding pain.
Superego
Our moral conscious.
Ego
Reality principle, has to deal with society, stuck mediating between the id and superego.
Sublimination
Replace unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one.
First Stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Oral Stage (0-18 months)
- pleasure focuses on the mouth (id)
Second Stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Anal stage (18-36 months)
- pleasure involves eliminative functions (ego forms)
Third Stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs)
- pleasure focuses on genitals (superego forms)
Oedipal Complex
Young boys learn to identify with their father out of fear of retribution (castration anxiety).
Electra Complex
Young girls learn to identify with their mother because they cannot with their father (penis envy).
Latency Stage
(6 yrs to puberty)
- personality is set
Genital Stage
(adulthood)
- sexual reawakening
- turn sexual wants onto an appropriate person
Fixation
Can become “stuck” in an earlier stage - influences personality (oral stage, smokes/drinks, anal is “anal retentive”, phallic is promiscuous).
Psychoanalysis
Analyze a person’s unconscious motives through the use of free association.
Free Association
Say aloud everything that comes to mind without hesitation.
Projective Tests
Ambiguous stimuli shown to look at your unconscious motives.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Tell a story about a picture. Used for personality.
Rorschach inkblot
Show an inkblot to individual.
Carl Jung
Believed in the collective unconscious (shared inherited reservoir of memory - explains common myths across civilization & time).
Karen Horney
Said personality develops in context of social relationships, NOT sexual urges.
Traits
Enduring personality characteristics.
Self-efficacy
Belief that one can succeed, so you ensure you do.
Wechsler
Developed the WAIS and WISC - most commonly used today.
Flynn effect
IQ has steadily risen over the past 80 years - probably due to education standards and better IQ tests.
Standardization
Administer a test to a representative sample of future test takers to establish a basis for meaningful comparison.
Valid
Test is accurate - measures what it is intended to.
Content validity
Test measures what you want it to.
Predictive validity
Test is able to accurately predict a trait (high math scores predict a good engineer).
John Watson
Little Albert experiment.
Alfred Adler
Believed that childhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation; Believed that people are primarily searching or self-esteem and achieving the ideal self.
Carl Rogers
Humanistic psychologist who believed in Unconditional Positive Regard (reflected back clients thoughts so that they developed a self awareness or their feelings; client centered therapy).
Ivan Pavlov
Father of Classical Conditioning.
Hans Eysenck
Personality is determined to a large extent by genes; used the terms extroversion and introversion.
S. Schacter
Believed that to experience emotions one must be physically aroused and must then label the arousal.
Robert Sternberg
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
1. Academic problem-solving
2. Practical intelligence
3. Creative intelligence
Howard Gardner
Theory of multiple intelligences.
Albert Bandura
Observational learning with the BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT.
Thorndike
Law of effect.
Alfred Binet
General IQ tests.
Lewis Terman
Revised Binet’s IQ test and established norms for American Children.
David Wechsler
Established an intelligence test especially for adults (Wechsler Intelligence Test for Adults).
Charles Spearman
All cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled “g” for general ability.
If you’re good at one thing, you’re most likely going to be good at another thing.
H. Rorschach
Developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot Test; subject reads the inkblots nd projects to the observer the aspects of their personality.
Philip Zimbardo
STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT.
Proved that people’s behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play.
Harry Harlow
Studied theory of attachment in infant Rhesus monkeys; also experimented on the effects of social isolation in young monkeys and observed that they become severely emotionally disturbed and never recover fully.
James-Lange Theory
Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
Cannon-Bard Theory
An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion.
Two-Factor Theory of Schachter’s theory
To experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.
Cognitive-Dissonance
We act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
Scapegoat Theory
Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Corpus Callosum vs. Cerebral Cortex
Corpus callosum divides the brain.
Cerebral Cortex covers the brain.
lateral hypothalamus vs. ventromedial hypothalamus
lateral hypothalamus stimulates hunger.
Ventromedial hypothalamus suppresses hunger.
Identical twins vs. fraternal twins
Identical twins have the same fertilized egg.
Fraternal twins have two separate eggs.
Afferent neurons vs. efferent neurons
Afferent (sensory, body to the brain).
Efferent (motor, brain to the body).
Assimilation vs. Accommodation
Assimilation (all four-legged animals are “doggies”).
Accommodation (“doggies are different then “kitties”).
Concrete operations vs. Formal operations
Concrete = logical thinking.
Formal = philosophical thinking.
Sensation vs. Perception
Sensation = bottom-up processing.
Perception = top-down processing.
Primacy effect vs. recency effect
Primacy = first items remembered.
Recency = last items remembered.
Fluid vs. crystalized intelligence
Fluid = brain power.
Crystalized = acquired knowledge.
Lithium vs. Librium
Lithium = treats bipolar.
Librium = treats anxiety.
