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AP Psychology > UNIT 4 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 Flashcards

Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning terms and examples

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1
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

A type of unconscious or automatic learning

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2
Q

Who discovered Classical Conditioning?

A

Russian Physiologist Ivan Pavlov

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3
Q

What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?

A

A stimulus or trigger that leads to an automatic response

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4
Q

What is an Unconditioned Response?

A

An automatic response or a response that occurs without thought when an unconditioned stimulus is present

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5
Q

What is a Neutral Stimulus?

A

A stimulus that doesn’t initially trigger a response on its own

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6
Q

What is a Conditioned Stimulus?

A

A stimulus that was once neutral (didn’t trigger a response), but now leads to a response

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7
Q

What is a Conditioned Response?

A

A learned response or a response that is created where no response existed before

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8
Q

What is Acquisition?

A

The initial stage of learning, when a response is first established and gradually strengthened

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9
Q

What is Extinction?

A

The occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or disappears

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10
Q

What is Stimulus Discrimination?

A

The ability to notice the difference (differentiate) between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditional stimulus

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11
Q

What is Stimulus Generalization?

A

The tendency for a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned

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12
Q

What is Shaping?

A

A procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal

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13
Q

What is Higher Order Conditioning?

A

Also known as second-order conditioning, is a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus of one experiment acts as the unconditioned stimulus of another

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14
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement and diminished if followed by punishment

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15
Q

What is a Reinforcer?

A

Any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows

Two types: Positive and Negative

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16
Q

What is a Positive Reinforcer?

A

Strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response

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17
Q

What is a Negative Reinforcer?

A

Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive (disliked) stimulus

18
Q

What is Punishment?

A

An event that DECREASES the behavior that it follows

Also has positive and negative

19
Q

What is a Positive Punishment?

A

Adding an aversive (a strongly disliked event) stimulus after an unwanted behavior to discourage a person from repeating the behavior

20
Q

What is a Negative Punishment?

A

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.. in other words, taking something desirable away

21
Q

What is a Continuous Reinforcement?

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Quick Acquisition
Quick Extinction

22
Q

What is a Partial Reinforcement?

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time

Acquisition process is slower
Greater resistance to extinction

23
Q

What is a Fixed-Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement?

A

A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

24
Q

What is a Variable-Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement?

A

A schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

25
Q

What is a Fixed-Interval Schedule of Reinforcement?

A

A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

26
Q

What is a Variable-Interval Schedule of Reinforcement?

A

A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

27
Q

What was the Skinner Box?

A

Also known as the Operant Conditioning Chamber, is used to conduct operant conditioning research with animals

Contains a bar or key that an animal subject can manipulate in order to obtain reinforcement

28
Q

What is Insight Learning?

A

A sudden realization of a solution to a problem

29
Q

What is Latent Learning?

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent (obvious) until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it

30
Q

What is Social-Cognitive Learning?

A

Also known as the Social Learning Theory, it emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others

Considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior

31
Q

Who proposed the Social Learning Theory?

A

Albert Bandura

32
Q

What is Learned Helplessness?

A

Occurs when an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so

33
Q

Child misbehaving and get their favorite toy taken away…

A

Negative Punishment

A stimulus (the toy) is removed in order to decrease the behavior

34
Q

Having to do chores…

A

Positive Punishment

Adding an aversive (unwanted/disliked) stimulus to discourage a behavior

35
Q

Going to bed on time on the weekdays so you can have a later bedtime on the weekend…

A

Positive reinforcement

Doing something (going to bed on time) to get something positive in return… staying up later on the weekend

36
Q

Pushing the snooze button on your alarm to stop the annoying buzzing/noises

A

Negative reinforcement

You are stopping/reducing something that is an aversive stimulus.. the alarm

37
Q

Putting on sunglasses to avoid the glare from the sun hurting your eyes

A

Negative reinforcement

Putting on sunglasses removes the aversive stimulus (the sun’s glare)

38
Q

Studying so you do not get a bad grade on the test

A

Negative reinforcement

Doing something so you do not get an aversive stimulus presented to you… the bad grade

39
Q

Running into the wall while texting

A

Positive Punishment

Adding an aversive stimulus (running into a wall), to discourage the behavior of texting and not looking where you’re going

40
Q

Tom gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen…

What is the Uncontrolled Stimulus?
What is the Uncontrolled Response?

A

US: The kitchen

UR: Hunger

41
Q

Tom gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen…

What is the Controlled Stimulus?
What is the Controlled Response?

A

CS: Going into the kitchen…hungry or not

CR: Gets hungry

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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