UNIT 4 Flashcards
Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning terms and examples
What is Classical Conditioning?
A type of unconscious or automatic learning
Who discovered Classical Conditioning?
Russian Physiologist Ivan Pavlov
What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?
A stimulus or trigger that leads to an automatic response
What is an Unconditioned Response?
An automatic response or a response that occurs without thought when an unconditioned stimulus is present
What is a Neutral Stimulus?
A stimulus that doesn’t initially trigger a response on its own
What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
A stimulus that was once neutral (didn’t trigger a response), but now leads to a response
What is a Conditioned Response?
A learned response or a response that is created where no response existed before
What is Acquisition?
The initial stage of learning, when a response is first established and gradually strengthened
What is Extinction?
The occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or disappears
What is Stimulus Discrimination?
The ability to notice the difference (differentiate) between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditional stimulus
What is Stimulus Generalization?
The tendency for a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned
What is Shaping?
A procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal
What is Higher Order Conditioning?
Also known as second-order conditioning, is a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus of one experiment acts as the unconditioned stimulus of another
What is Operant Conditioning?
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement and diminished if followed by punishment
What is a Reinforcer?
Any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows
Two types: Positive and Negative
What is a Positive Reinforcer?
Strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response
What is a Negative Reinforcer?
Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive (disliked) stimulus
What is Punishment?
An event that DECREASES the behavior that it follows
Also has positive and negative
What is a Positive Punishment?
Adding an aversive (a strongly disliked event) stimulus after an unwanted behavior to discourage a person from repeating the behavior
What is a Negative Punishment?
Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.. in other words, taking something desirable away
What is a Continuous Reinforcement?
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Quick Acquisition
Quick Extinction
What is a Partial Reinforcement?
Reinforcing a response only part of the time
Acquisition process is slower
Greater resistance to extinction
What is a Fixed-Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement?
A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
What is a Variable-Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement?
A schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
What is a Fixed-Interval Schedule of Reinforcement?
A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
What is a Variable-Interval Schedule of Reinforcement?
A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
What was the Skinner Box?
Also known as the Operant Conditioning Chamber, is used to conduct operant conditioning research with animals
Contains a bar or key that an animal subject can manipulate in order to obtain reinforcement
What is Insight Learning?
A sudden realization of a solution to a problem
What is Latent Learning?
Learning that occurs but is not apparent (obvious) until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it
What is Social-Cognitive Learning?
Also known as the Social Learning Theory, it emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others
Considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior
Who proposed the Social Learning Theory?
Albert Bandura
What is Learned Helplessness?
Occurs when an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so
Child misbehaving and get their favorite toy taken away…
Negative Punishment
A stimulus (the toy) is removed in order to decrease the behavior
Having to do chores…
Positive Punishment
Adding an aversive (unwanted/disliked) stimulus to discourage a behavior
Going to bed on time on the weekdays so you can have a later bedtime on the weekend…
Positive reinforcement
Doing something (going to bed on time) to get something positive in return… staying up later on the weekend
Pushing the snooze button on your alarm to stop the annoying buzzing/noises
Negative reinforcement
You are stopping/reducing something that is an aversive stimulus.. the alarm
Putting on sunglasses to avoid the glare from the sun hurting your eyes
Negative reinforcement
Putting on sunglasses removes the aversive stimulus (the sun’s glare)
Studying so you do not get a bad grade on the test
Negative reinforcement
Doing something so you do not get an aversive stimulus presented to you… the bad grade
Running into the wall while texting
Positive Punishment
Adding an aversive stimulus (running into a wall), to discourage the behavior of texting and not looking where you’re going
Tom gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen…
What is the Uncontrolled Stimulus?
What is the Uncontrolled Response?
US: The kitchen
UR: Hunger
Tom gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen…
What is the Controlled Stimulus?
What is the Controlled Response?
CS: Going into the kitchen…hungry or not
CR: Gets hungry
