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AP Psychology > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the first woman president of the APA?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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2
Q

Who created the evolutionary perspective and the Nature vs. Nurture argument?

A

Charles Darwin

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3
Q

Who created the first generation of American Mental Asylums in the 1800s?

A

Dorothea Dix

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4
Q

Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?

A

G. Stanley Hall

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5
Q

Who is the father of American Psychology? Who created the first lab in the United States and was a functionalist?

A

William James

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6
Q

Who was the first woman to be granted a PhD in psychology? Second woman to serve as an APA president after Calkins.

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

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7
Q

Who is the father of psychology overall? Created the first lab in Europe. Structuralist.

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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8
Q

What is structuralism? Who created it?

A

Focusing on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. How our brain is structured impacts our behavior. Created by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.

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9
Q

What is functionalism?

A

The study of how our behavior functions within our life. Analyzing mental processes and their purpose.

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10
Q

What is Gestalt?

A

Emphasized that organisms perceive entire patterns or configurations, not merely individual components. The view is summarized as, “the whole is more than the sum of its parts.”

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11
Q

What is the behavioral perspective?

A

Focuses on our observable behaviors. Only cares about the behaviors that impair our living, and attempts to change them. Reinforcement and Punishment dictates our behavior.

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12
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective and who created it?

A

Sigmund Freud created it. He believed that our behavior comes from unconscious drives. Usually stemming from childhood.

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13
Q

What is the humanistic perspective?

A

Focuses on positive growth and attempts to seek self-actualization. Therapists use active listening and unconditional positive regard. Free will. We have a choice about our behavior.

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14
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective and who created it?

A

Charles Darwin believed that our personalities and individual differences have evolved to provide us with some form of adoptive advantage.

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15
Q

What is the biological perspective?

A

Focuses on how the physical body and brain creates our emotions, memories, and sensory experiences. It ignores a persons environment, so it can miss seeing the person as a whole.

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16
Q

What is the cognitive perspective?

A

Focuses on how we think or encode information. Cognitive therapists attempt to change the way we think.

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17
Q

What is the biopsychosocial perspective?

A

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-culture levels of analysis.

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18
Q

What is the sociocultural perspective?

A

A perspective describing people’s behavior and mental processes as shaped in part by their social and/or cultural contact including race, gender, and nationality. It does not apply to all social/ cultural groups.

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19
Q

What is the biological domain?

A

The application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior.

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20
Q

What is clinical domain?

A

The diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.

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21
Q

What is the cognitive domain?

A

Studies the mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, and communication.

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22
Q

What is counseling domain?

A

Focuses on personal issues that are not classified as mental disorders. These types of therapists help people cope with challenges and crises in life.

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23
Q

What is the developmental domain?

A

Studies social, physical, and cognitive changes throughout the lifespan.

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24
Q

What is the educational domain?

A

The study of how psychological processes can impact and improve learning and teaching.

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25
Q

What is the experimental domain?

A

Uses the experimental method to examine relationships between behavior and the mind.

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26
Q

What is the industrial-organizational domain?

A

Studies the relationships between work and people in order to help companies increase productivity, boost morale, and select/train employees.

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27
Q

What is the personality domain?

A

The study of how personality affects the way people think and behave.

28
Q

What is psychometric domain?

A

Focuses on psychological measurements and is concerned with the design of psychological examinations.

29
Q

What is the social domain?

A

Studies how humans are influenced by one another and how we relate/think about each other.

30
Q

What is the positive domain?

A

Focuses on making human existence more fulfilling, rather than focusing on the treatment of mental illness. It promotes strengths and virtues to improve the lives of people and communities.

31
Q

What is the correlational studies? Strengths snd weaknesses?

A

Detects relationships between variables. Positive and negative correlations.
Strengths: good at predicting connections/relationships
Weaknesses: no cause and effect

32
Q

What is a survey? Strengths and weaknesses?

A

Asking questions about a topic of interest.
- wording effects: the way we frame a question can have a major impact on how people answer the question
Strengths: collect a large amount of data
Weaknesses: Bias and poor responses

33
Q

What is a naturalistic observation? Strengths and weaknesses?

A

Observing and recording behavior in natural environments.
Strengths: flexible and reliable
Weaknesses: difficult to collect data and observer bias

34
Q

What are case studies? Strengths and weaknesses?

A

Where one person or situation is observed in depth for an extended period (could take years).
Strengths: Provides multiple perspectives
Weaknesses: Risk of bias and rely heavily on the researchers interpretation and selection of data

35
Q

What are longitudinal studies? Strengths and weaknesses?

A

Researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time.
Strengths: More accuracy
Weaknesses: Takes more time to research and large samples are needed

36
Q

What are cross-sectional studies? Strengths and weaknesses?

A

Participants of different ages are studied at the same time.
Strengths: faster and cheaper
Weaknesses: cannot be used to analyze behavior over a period of time and does not determine cause and effect

37
Q

Why is it important to operationalize your variable while doing research?

A

It tells you specifically how to measure and/or manipulate (change) the variables in a study exactly.

38
Q

What is the experimental method?

A
  • Explores cause and effect relationships
  • changes variables so they can be measured against each other, while keeping everything else the same
39
Q

What is an independent variable? What is a dependent variable?

A

Independent: what you manipulate in an experiment
Dependent: what you measure in an experiment

40
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A
  • Factors that can affect the dependent variable, but are not part of the independent variable
    THEY ARE NOT PLANNED OR EXPECTED
41
Q

Why is it important to have a control and experimental group?

A

Experimental group: exposed to independent variable
Control group: not exposed to independent variable
2 DIFFERENT VARIABLES 2 DIFFERENT RESULTS

42
Q

Why is it important to have a random assignment?

A

It is important because it is needed to demonstrate cause and effect within the experiments

43
Q

What is the different between random assignment and random selection?

A

Random assignment: when you have your control group and your experimental group, everybody has an equal chance to be in either group

Random selection: anybody in the population you’re measuring has a chance to be a part of the research

44
Q

How do you predict if a research method is valid?

A

You should be able to see a relationship between the test and the behavior it is intended to measure.

45
Q

What is central tendency?

A

Describes the typical, average, and center of a distribution of scores.

46
Q

What is the mean?

A

The average among the distribution of scores

Adding all the numbers up and dividing by the amount of numbers there are.

47
Q

What is the mode?

A

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution.

48
Q

What is the median?

A

The midpoint of a distribution of scores. NUMBERS NEED TO BE IN NUMERICAL ORDER.

49
Q

What is the range?

A

Measures the distance between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

Subtract the biggest and smallest number.

50
Q

What is the standard deviation?

A

Measures the average distance of scores from the mean.

51
Q

What is the correlation coefficient?

A

Describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

52
Q

What does a correlation coefficient of -1.00 mean?

A

Has the strongest negative relationship

53
Q

What does a correlation coefficient of +1.00 mean?

A

Strongest positive relationship.

54
Q

What does a value of 0 mean in a correlation coefficient?

A

There is NO relationship between the two variables.

55
Q

What is a normal (bell) curve?

A

A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side.

56
Q

What is a biomodal curve?

A

A set of scores with two peaks or modes around which values tend to cluster, such that the frequencies at first increase and then decrease around each peak.

57
Q

What is a positive skew?

A

The curve point ends will be longer where a majority of scores are larger.

58
Q

What is a negative skew?

A

A distribution has a few extreme scores toward the low end relative to the high end.

59
Q

What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?

A

They are used to organize and summarize a set of data.

60
Q

What is the purpose of inferential statistics?

A

Allows researchers to draw conclusions about a population based on data from a sample.

61
Q

What is the first ethical principle when doing research?

A

Participants cannot be physically or mentally hurt.

62
Q

What is the second ethical principle when doing research?

A

Participants must be kept private (confidentiality).

63
Q

What is the third ethical principle when doing research?

A

After the experiment, participants must be shown the results (knowledge of results).

64
Q

What is the fourth ethical principle when doing research?

A

Participants have protection from deception. They must be told what is going to happen during the experiment.

65
Q

What is the APA?

A

The American Psychological Association

  • a scientific and professional organization that represents psychology in the US
  • it’s mission is to advance the creation, communication, and application of psychological knowledge and to benefit society.
66
Q

What is the IRB?

A

The Institutional Review Board
- a committee to review research proposal for ethical acceptability and compliance with the code of conduct
- helps protect research participants and are mandatory at any US institution receiving federal funds for research

67
Q

What is the IACUC?

A

The institutional animal care and use committee
- a committee responsible for overseeing an institutes program and research protocols involving nonhuman animals
- the goal is to make sure animals are treated humanely

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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