Unit 6

Question 1

Michael Bayles

Answer 1

6 key features which define professions

Question 2

Necessary features which define professions

Answer 2

Extensive training (they usually require advanced degrees).
Provide important services for society.
Training and skills are largely intellectual (this sets them apart from skilled craftsmen), and they apply specialized knowledge.

Question 3

3 common features which define professions

Answer 3

Usually licensed or certified, they have a monopoly over the provision of certain services (only pharmacists can dispense prescription drugs).
Usually have organizations which represent them, defend their interests, and set professional standards.
Usually autonomous, they have wide freedom of judgement in their work.

Question 4

Professional according to Waterloo applied ethics professor Conrad Brunk

Answer 4

include expectations of Integrity and Altruism in their definition of professions.

Question 5

Economic history periods

Answer 5

Hunter\Gatherer
Agricultural (most people are peasants)
Industrial (late 18th to mid-20th century), moving towards
Knowledge and Service economy

Question 6

Classic professions

Answer 6

Medicine, Law, Clergy

• first occupations to be professionalized
• -ate back at least to medieval times, before the industrial revolution.
• considered classy occupations, suitable for gentlemen (as opposed to trades, selling merchandise, and mechanical arts)

Question 7

Bussiness Professions

Answer 7

Engineering, Accounting, Management

Question 8

Helping professions

Answer 8

Medical Doctors Plus (Nursing, Psychiatry, Chiropractic), Social Work, Counselling, Teaching. 4

• Reflect a society with resources to devote to human well-being and social services (health, education, and welfare).

Question 9

Shaw and Barry

Answer 9

Think that professionals have special responsibilities because:

Society invests heavily in the training of professionals.
Society grants professions a wide area of self-governance.
The state permits professions a monopoly over the provision of certain services.
We invest professions with a trust that they will watch over the well-being of society

“There is no special ethics that allows people in a profession to do as professions what it is immoral for others to do”

Question 10

The doctor’s dilemna

Answer 10

George Bernard Shaw’s play

an elderly doctor declares that “All professions are conspiracies against the laity”

Question 11

Laity

Answer 11

h originally meant everyone outside the religious clergy, but has come to refer to all non-professionals.

Question 12

conspiracies in restraint of trade

Answer 12

Business corporations engaging in monopolistic practices, like price fixing

Question 13

Dangers of professionalization

Answer 13

It’s in the interest of professionals to limit admittance to the profession, thus keeping competition low and fees high
-Competition is reduced and status is enhanced if a profession requires many years of training.
-The power of self-regulation is as likely to be used against para-professionals, cheaper competitors, or dissenters as against genuine misconduct.
-It’s in the interest of professionals to make their knowledge inaccessible to the laity through professional jargon or intimidating procedures.
-Dependence on professionalized experts is a threat to democratic values of self-reliance and public-spirit.

Question 14

John Mcknight

Answer 14

Careless society

Question 15

Careless society

Answer 15

community will be replaced by reliance on helping experts

Question 16

Case for Licensing Professionals

Answer 16

They provide important services, too important to be left to just anyone.
They require specialized knowledge.
The need to protect the public.
The need to hold professionals to higher ethical standards with special ethical codes and special regulatory bodies

Question 17

Remedies of professionalization - bayles

Answer 17

Put members of the public in professional regulatory bodies in sufficient numbers to give them a majority.
Limit the requirement for Licensing to services that (a) no reasonable person would want less than a fully trained professional to provide

Question 18

John Ladd

Answer 18

The Quest for a Code of Professional Ethics

skeptical of the value of codes of ethics.

Question 19

Dave Lindorff

Answer 19

Engineers Duty to Speak Out

Question 20

whistleblowing

Answer 20

when an insider reports or publicizes the wrongdoing of a corporate or government organization

Question 21

Monroe Freedman

Answer 21

Lawyers’ Ethics in an Adversarial System

Question 22

Lawyer’s Trilemma

Answer 22

Lawyers have an obligations of confidentiality to their clients. They also are required to know all the facts of the case in order to prepare a defense, and to not disclose information given in confidence by their client that will be harmful to his case. On the other hand, they also have a duty of candour to the court. They are not supposed to condone perjury or obstruct justice.

Question 23

private sector unis

Answer 23

funded by tuition fees and donations to their endowment.

Question 24

universitas

Answer 24

incorporated guild or a guild of scholars