Unit 3

Question 1

. His ethical and political theory is all about avoiding the “war of all against all” of a hypothetical state of nature, and persuading us to accept a minimal morality that is necessary for civil peace.

Answer 1

Thomas Hobbes

Question 2

Author of Leviathan

Answer 2

Thomas Hobbes

Question 3

Premise of Leviathan

Answer 3

• Morality is derived from the Social Contract and then enforced by a sovereign power
• In a State of Nature lacking a common power or government, everything would be permitted, there would be no right or wrong, no natural conscience.
• Equality of Vulnerability

Question 4

Criticism of Hobbes

Answer 4

Human beings are a species of primate, so we’ve been social creatures since before we evolved into humans. We may be self-interested (in the uninteresting sense that our desires are always our own), but most of us care about others to some extent

Question 5

State of Nature

Answer 5

War of all against all

Question 6

Premise of utilitarian theory

Answer 6

Utilitarian theory is happiness-based and consequentialist. It holds the ethics is about promoting happiness, and we should give equal consideration to the happiness of all.

Question 7

Consequentialism

Answer 7

Utilitarianism

Question 8

Who developed utilitarianism

Answer 8

Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill

Question 9

Australian applied ethicist and defender of animal rights.

Answer 9

Peter Singer

Question 10

Bonus

Answer 10

Utilitarianism is the ultimate in single principle and foundational approaches to ethics.

Question 11

Greatest Happiness Principle (GHP)

Answer 11

Utility

Question 12

Hedonist Utilitarianism

Answer 12

Maximize pleasure

Bentham was hedonist

Question 13

Pluralist utilitarianism

Answer 13

Promote human flourishing

Question 14

Preference Utilitarianism

Answer 14

Satisfy Desire

Question 15

Act Utilitarianism

Answer 15

Thou shalt maximize utility

Question 16

Rule (Indirect) Utilitarianism

Question 17

Morality based on duty

Answer 17

Deontology

Question 18

Accused of rule worship by Utilitarians

Answer 18

Kant

Question 19

Categorical Imperative

Answer 19

“Never act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law” (Kant, 1785). In other words, the maxim of my action should be Universalizable.

Question 20

2nd formulation of categorical imperative

Answer 20

Kant says we must “treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means.

Question 21

Founder of pluralistic deontology

Answer 21

W.D. Ross

Question 22

Prima Facie Duties

Answer 22

acts that would be one’s duty unless overridden by more important moral obligation.

Question 23

7 Prima Facie Duties

Answer 23

Fidelity, Reparation, Gratitude, Justice, Beneficence, Self-improvemt and Non-maleficence