Unit 5: Vitamins and Minerals Pt 1

Question 1

An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron is called a(n) _________?

Answer 1

Free radical

Question 2

Excessive exposure to vitamin A during pregnancy can cause ________?

Answer 2

Birth defects

Question 3

Extracellular fluid includes both the fluid outside of cells and the plasma?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is a FALSE statement about minerals?

Answer 4

Major minerals are more essential than trace minerals

Question 5

What is NOT a way that the body actively regulates fluid balance?

Answer 5

By directly controlling the movement of water in and out of cells

Question 6

All of the following are excellent sources of dietary potassium except:
1) Pastries
2) White beans
3) Yogurt
4) Sweet potato

Answer 6

1) Pastries

Question 7

Dietary supplements are NOT required to be tested by a third-party for safety nor efficacy

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What is NOT a function of chloride in the body?

Answer 8

To act as an antioxidant

Question 9

As an antioxidant, vitamin E is especially important for protecting _________such as those found in cell membranes and lipoproteins.

Answer 9

Lipids

Question 10

Which of the following statements about free radicals and antioxidants is FALSE?
1) Consuming antioxidant supplements has been shown to decrease the risk of diseases such as cancer
2) Free radicals play important roles in the body, but having too many of them can cause damage
3) Eating a diet rich in antioxidant-containing foods like fruits and vegetables is associated with lower oxidative stress
4) Eating a diet rich in antioxidant-containing foods like fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of chronic diseases

Answer 10

1) Consuming antioxidant supplements has been shown to decrease the risk of diseases such as cancer

Question 11

Which of the following is a vitamin that serves as an important antioxidant in aqueous environments both outside and within cells?

Answer 11

Vitamin C

Question 12

Which of the following is a provitamin for Vitamin A?
1) Retinoic Acid
2) Alpha-tocopherol
3) Ascorbic acid
4) Beta-carotene

Answer 12

4) Beta-carotene

Question 13

What is a FALSE statement about the effects of food processing?

Answer 13

It is especially damaging to fat-soluble vitamins

Question 14

Oxidative stress is associated with:

Answer 14

Chronic disease development including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

Question 15

What is bioavailability?

Answer 15

• Amount of a vitamin, mineral, or nutrient absorbed.
• Is usually better from animal-based foods.

Question 16

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 16

• Absorbed with fat from food into the lymph
• Large storage capacity (in fatty tissues such as liver and adipose)
• No need to consume daily
  -Toxicity more likely
  Examples: Vitamins A, D, E, K

Question 17

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 17

• Absorbed directly from small intestine into bloodstream (travel to target cells)
• Little to no storage capacity (excess filtered through kidneys and excreted through urine)
• Needs to be consumed regularly
• Toxicity is rare
  Examples: Vitamins B (including Folate) and C

Question 18

What are Major Minerals?

Answer 18

-Required in large amounts >100mg/day
Examples: Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur

Question 19

What are Trace Minerals?

Answer 19

-Required in smaller amounts <100mg/day
Examples: Iron, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, chromium, fluoride, manganese

Question 20

Fruits provide:

Answer 20

Vitamins: C, A, Folate
Minerals: Potassium

Question 21

Vegetables provide:

Answer 21

Vitamins: C, K, A, Folate
Minerals: Potassium, magnesium

Question 22

Proteins/Meats provide:

Answer 22

Vitamins: A, D, E, B
Minerals: Iron, Zinc, Magnesium

Question 23

Grains provide:

Answer 23

Vitamins: B
Minerals: Iron, Magnesium, Selenium

Question 24

Diary provides:

Answer 24

Vitamins: A, D, B12
Minerals: Calcium, Potassium, Phosphorus

Question 25

What is the role of Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride in water regulation?

Answer 25

• Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-) are major electrolytes found in body fluids.
• Their main roles are fluid balance, and conduction of electrical signals in the body.

Question 26

What are antioxidants?

Answer 26

• Antioxidants stabilize free radicals by donating an electron to it to neutralize it.
• Found in food and made by the body.
• Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and Selenium act as antioxidants

Question 27

High levels of vitamins and minerals can lead to toxicity

Answer 27

• High levels of Vitamin A can cause liver damage, coma, birth defects, and death.
• High levels of Calcium can lead to death.

Question 28

Insufficient levels of vitamins and minerals can negatively affect health

Answer 28

• Insufficient Vitamin C can cause scurvy
• Too little selenium can cause thyroid problems, less DNA synthesis
• Insufficient Vitamin A can cause night blindness, xeropthalmia, and increased susceptibility to infections.