Unit 2: Carbohydrates Flashcards
After the digestion of table sugar, which molecule(s) are absorbed in the small intestine?
Glucose and fructose
The long-term risks of gestational diabetes for the carrying-parent include:
Increased future risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
This product is made when there is little/no carbohydrate available to cells:
Ketone Bodies
To determine is a product is a good source of whole grains, the BEST place to check is:
The ingredients list
What causes cavities?
Bacteria metabolize the sugar and starch creating acid, which breaks down the tooth enamel
Which type of carbohydrate can be absorbed into intestinal cells and enter the blood stream?
Monosaccharides
Which carbohydrate needs to be enzymatically digested?
Starch
Which of the following animal-derived foods contains significant amounts of carbohydrates?
1) Poultry
2) Beef
3) Milk
4) Eggs
3) Milk
Which of the following is an enzyme that digests a disaccharide?
1) Galactase
2) Lactase
3) Pectin
4) Amylase
2) Lactase
What actions does the body take to respond to low blood glucose?
Break down glycogen
To experience lower variability in blood glucose levels, individuals living with diabetes are counselled to eat food with a high glycemic index:
Less often
Insoluble fiber
Helps prevent constipation
Which of the following is NOT a source of carbohydrates?
1) Fruit
2) Meat
3) Dairy
4) Grains
2) Meat
What is TRUE about both insulin and glucagon?
They are hormones made by the pancreas
If an individual is awake and able to swallow, but has a blood glucose level of 3.7mmol/L, they should take the following action:
Ingest 15g of glucose
What is TRUE about glycolysis?
1) It converts glucose to glycogen when energy is not needed
2) It includes the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
3) It is a form of chemical digestion that happens when glucose is mixed with saliva in the mouth
4) It generates glucose from protein in a starvation state
2) It includes the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
Which of the following lab results is an “abnormal” glycemia level?
1) Fasting blood glucose of 5.0mmol/L
2) Two-hour post-prandial blood glucose of 9.8mmol/L
3) A1C of 7%
4) A1C of 5.4%
3) A1C of 7%
On a sauce package, glucose is listed as an ingredient. This means that glucose counts as an “added sugar”.
True
Your professor has purchased her son a mango smoothie that contains only the following ingredients : mango, banana, and pineapple. The label indicates that there is 56g of sugar in the bottle(yikes!). The combination of these fruits contains glucose, sucrose, and fructose. Technically, these count as “added sugar”.
False
What are the 3 Monosaccharides?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What are the 3 Disaccharides?
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)
What are the 3 examples of Complex Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)?
Starch (long chains of glucose)
Glycogen (long, branching chains of glucose)
Fiber (made up of glucose)
Where does mechanical digestion of carbohydrates occur?
Mouth: chewing and mixing
Stomach: mixing and churning
Small intestine: peristalsis, segmentation
Where does chemical digestion of carbohydrates occur?
Mouth: salivary amylase breaks down starch
Small intestine: pancreatic amylase for starch digestion, disaccharides break down into monosaccharides
Where does absorption of monosaccharides occur?
Small intestine
What happens to undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine?
Fermented by gut bacteria
What is insulin?
Insulin is released when the blood glucose levels in the bloodstream are HIGH; it causes the cells in the body to take in more glucose from the bloodstream, and therefore lowers the blood glucose levels.
What is Glucagon?
Glucagon is released when blood glucose is LOW; it causes glycogen from the liver to be broken down and release glucose into the blood, raising the blood glucose level.
What is homeostasis?
the ability to maintain equilibrium or a steady state in the body (blood glucose levels are stable, appropriate levels).
What is Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM)?
the beta-cells of the pancreas are destroyed and so the body cannot make enough or any insulin; without the insulin to let the glucose into the cells, the glucose remains in the bloodstream which causes hyperglycaemia, and the cells are starved of glucose; it requires insulin treatment to regulate and manage glucose levels.
What is Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM)?
begins with insulin resistance (the cells are not responding optimally to insulin) and causes both hyperglycaemia AND increased insulin levels; it may require medication/insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.
What is Soluble fibre?
-Dissolves in water Forms gel in GI tract.
-Slows digestion and absorption allowing for more gradual rise in blood glucose.
-Can lower blood cholesterol.
-Found in oat bran, nuts, seeds, etc.
What is Insoluble fibre?
-Does NOT dissolve in water.
-Softens stool, prevents constipation.
-Less fermentable by gut bacteria.
-Found in wheat bran, veggies, fruits, whole grains.
Naturally Occurring sugars
-Sugars such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose that are found naturally in whole foods, packaged with other important nutrients (fiber, vitamins, nutrients).
-Found in fruits, veggies, and dairy.
Added sugars
-Concentrated sweeteners (glucose, fructose, sucrose) that are chemically identical to naturally occurring sugars but WITHOUT the beneficial nutrients.
-Found in sweets and snacks, sodas, hidden in lots of foods.
What is a safe fasting glucose level?
Between 4-7 mmol/L
