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CHEM71030 > Unit 12: Blood > Flashcards

Unit 12: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Hematocrit is mostly:

A

Red blood cells

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2
Q

A high hematocrit means that the blood is more viscous.

A

True

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3
Q

The most abundant plasma protein is:

A

Albumin

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4
Q

The following blood components can be made in the bone marrow EXCEPT:
Globulins
Platelets
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes

A

Globulins

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5
Q

The following blood component has a primary role in immunity:

A

Gamma globulins

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6
Q

Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that prompts the production of red blood cells.

A

True

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7
Q

An elevated erythrocyte count is referred to as:

A

Polycythemia

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8
Q

What is another word or phrase that refers to the entire class of blood components known as leukocytes?

A

White blood cell

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9
Q

Hemoglobin that is not bound to a gas is called:

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

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10
Q

Granular leukocytes with the lowest concentration in the total leukocyte count. They release histamines that contribute to inflammation.

A

Basophils

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11
Q

Monocytes that have left the circulation to phagocytose dead cells, pathogens, and other “wastes”.

A

Macrophages

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12
Q

Lymphocytes that recognize cells with foreign membrane markers.

A

Natural Killer Cells

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13
Q

Aging and damaged erythrocytes are removed from the circulation by ________?

A

Macrophages

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14
Q

T and B lymphocytes ___________.

A

Are involved with specific immune function.

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15
Q

Thrombocytes are more accurately called:

A

Platelets

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16
Q

What is a statement that BEST describes a neutrophil?

A

Abundant, granular, especially effective against bacteria

17
Q

Each multipotent hematopoietic stem cell divides into the following:

A

A hematopoietic stem cell AND a lymphoid or myeloid stem cell

18
Q

Over two million red blood cells are made every second in the bone marrow.

A

True

19
Q

During the degradation of erythrocytes, the non-iron portion of heme is :

A

Degraded into biliverdin

20
Q

Plasma

A
  • Liquid portion of blood, about 55% of total blood volume.
  • Made up of 90% water, but also dissolved substances such as proteins, hormones, nutrients, gases, and waste products.

Key Functions:
- Transportation of nutrients, hormones, waste products, gases.
- Clotting factors such as fibrinogen.
- Immune responses.
- Regulation of pH and electrolytes.

21
Q

Red Blood Cells

A
  • Most abundant cells in blood.

Key Functions:
- Oxygen transport from the lungs and tissues.
- Transporting CO2 back to the lungs.
- Maintaining blood pH.

22
Q

White Blood Cells (Buffy Coat, Platelets)

A
  • Makes up the smallest portion of blood volume.

Key Functions:
- Responsible for immune response and regulation, as well as inflammatory response.
- Platelets help with clotting factors.

23
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

1) Chemical stimuli prompt the hemopoietic stem cell to divide and differentiate in the bone marrow.
2) Lymphoid stem cells become leukocytes known as lymphocytes.
- These cells can become various T cells, B cells, or Natural Killer cells.
- These cells then leave to the lymphatic tissues (such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus) to continue their production and differentiation.
—> T cells = thymus, B cells = bones.
3) Myeloid stem cells become all other formed elements.
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells).
- Megakaryocytes produce platelets.
- Myeloblast lineage gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

23
Q

Coagulation

A

Results in the production of a gelatinous but robust clot made up of a mesh of fibrin—an insoluble filamentous protein derived from fibrinogen, the plasma protein introduced earlier—in which platelets and blood cells are trapped.

24
Q

What are the first responses to blood vessel injuries?

A

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation

25
Q

Coagulation Cascade

A
  • The coagulation cascade (extrinsic, intrinsic, and common pathways) leads to the activation of thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a stable blood clot.
  • The clot is eventually removed through fibrinolysis once the tissue is healed.
26
Q

Red Blood Cells VS Sickle Cells

A

RBCs
- Disc shaped for maximum surface area and flexibility.
- Oxygen transport and CO2 removal.

Sickle Cells
- Crescent or sickle-shaped, rigid, less flexible.
- Impaired oxygen transport.

27
Q

Steps of Bilirubin Metabolism

A
  • Hemolysis of RBCs releases heme.
  • Heme is converted to biliverdin and then to unconjugated bilirubin.
  • Unconjugated bilirubin binds to albumin and is transported to the liver.
  • In the liver, unconjugated bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid to form conjugated bilirubin.
  • Conjugated bilirubin is excreted into the bile and enters the intestines.
  • In the intestines, conjugated bilirubin is converted to urobilinogen, which is further metabolized to stercobilin (feces) and urobilin (urine).
28
Q

What are blood antigens?

A
  • Antibodies are substances that may trigger a defensive response from the leukocytes of the immune system if the body does not recognize the antigen as belonging to it.
  • Antigens are large proteins but may sometimes include carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • If blood is given to someone with incompatible blood it can trigger an immune response due to the different antigens on the red blood cells.
29
Q

Blood Type A

A

Antigens Present: A
Antibodies Present: B
Can Donate to: A, AB
Can Receive from: A, O

30
Q

Blood Type B

A

Antigens Present: B
Antibodies Present: A
Can Donate to: B, AB
Can Receive from: B, O

31
Q

Blood Type AB

A

Antigens Present: A, B
Antibodies Present: None
Can Donate to: AB
Can Receive from: A, B, AB, O

*AB+ is universal recipient

32
Q

Blood Type O

A

Antigens Present: None
Antibodies Present: A, B
Can Donate to: A, B, AB
Can Receive from: O

  • O- is universal donor
33
Q

Rh ( + or -)

A

A blood group system that refers to the presence or absence of a protein on the surface of red blood cells.
Examples: AB+, O-
Rh+ can receive from Rh+ or Rh-
Rh- can only receive from Rh-

CHEM71030 (12 decks)

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