Unit 12: Blood Flashcards
Hematocrit is mostly:
Red blood cells
A high hematocrit means that the blood is more viscous.
True
The most abundant plasma protein is:
Albumin
The following blood components can be made in the bone marrow EXCEPT:
Globulins
Platelets
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes
Globulins
The following blood component has a primary role in immunity:
Gamma globulins
Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that prompts the production of red blood cells.
True
An elevated erythrocyte count is referred to as:
Polycythemia
What is another word or phrase that refers to the entire class of blood components known as leukocytes?
White blood cell
Hemoglobin that is not bound to a gas is called:
Deoxyhemoglobin
Granular leukocytes with the lowest concentration in the total leukocyte count. They release histamines that contribute to inflammation.
Basophils
Monocytes that have left the circulation to phagocytose dead cells, pathogens, and other “wastes”.
Macrophages
Lymphocytes that recognize cells with foreign membrane markers.
Natural Killer Cells
Aging and damaged erythrocytes are removed from the circulation by ________?
Macrophages
T and B lymphocytes ___________.
Are involved with specific immune function.
Thrombocytes are more accurately called:
Platelets
What is a statement that BEST describes a neutrophil?
Abundant, granular, especially effective against bacteria
Each multipotent hematopoietic stem cell divides into the following:
A hematopoietic stem cell AND a lymphoid or myeloid stem cell
Over two million red blood cells are made every second in the bone marrow.
True
During the degradation of erythrocytes, the non-iron portion of heme is :
Degraded into biliverdin
Plasma
- Liquid portion of blood, about 55% of total blood volume.
- Made up of 90% water, but also dissolved substances such as proteins, hormones, nutrients, gases, and waste products.
Key Functions:
- Transportation of nutrients, hormones, waste products, gases.
- Clotting factors such as fibrinogen.
- Immune responses.
- Regulation of pH and electrolytes.
Red Blood Cells
- Most abundant cells in blood.
Key Functions:
- Oxygen transport from the lungs and tissues.
- Transporting CO2 back to the lungs.
- Maintaining blood pH.
White Blood Cells (Buffy Coat, Platelets)
- Makes up the smallest portion of blood volume.
Key Functions:
- Responsible for immune response and regulation, as well as inflammatory response.
- Platelets help with clotting factors.
Hematopoiesis
1) Chemical stimuli prompt the hemopoietic stem cell to divide and differentiate in the bone marrow.
2) Lymphoid stem cells become leukocytes known as lymphocytes.
- These cells can become various T cells, B cells, or Natural Killer cells.
- These cells then leave to the lymphatic tissues (such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus) to continue their production and differentiation.
—> T cells = thymus, B cells = bones.
3) Myeloid stem cells become all other formed elements.
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells).
- Megakaryocytes produce platelets.
- Myeloblast lineage gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Coagulation
Results in the production of a gelatinous but robust clot made up of a mesh of fibrin—an insoluble filamentous protein derived from fibrinogen, the plasma protein introduced earlier—in which platelets and blood cells are trapped.
What are the first responses to blood vessel injuries?
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation Cascade
- The coagulation cascade (extrinsic, intrinsic, and common pathways) leads to the activation of thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a stable blood clot.
- The clot is eventually removed through fibrinolysis once the tissue is healed.
Red Blood Cells VS Sickle Cells
RBCs
- Disc shaped for maximum surface area and flexibility.
- Oxygen transport and CO2 removal.
Sickle Cells
- Crescent or sickle-shaped, rigid, less flexible.
- Impaired oxygen transport.
Steps of Bilirubin Metabolism
- Hemolysis of RBCs releases heme.
- Heme is converted to biliverdin and then to unconjugated bilirubin.
- Unconjugated bilirubin binds to albumin and is transported to the liver.
- In the liver, unconjugated bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid to form conjugated bilirubin.
- Conjugated bilirubin is excreted into the bile and enters the intestines.
- In the intestines, conjugated bilirubin is converted to urobilinogen, which is further metabolized to stercobilin (feces) and urobilin (urine).
What are blood antigens?
- Antibodies are substances that may trigger a defensive response from the leukocytes of the immune system if the body does not recognize the antigen as belonging to it.
- Antigens are large proteins but may sometimes include carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
- If blood is given to someone with incompatible blood it can trigger an immune response due to the different antigens on the red blood cells.
Blood Type A
Antigens Present: A
Antibodies Present: B
Can Donate to: A, AB
Can Receive from: A, O
Blood Type B
Antigens Present: B
Antibodies Present: A
Can Donate to: B, AB
Can Receive from: B, O
Blood Type AB
Antigens Present: A, B
Antibodies Present: None
Can Donate to: AB
Can Receive from: A, B, AB, O
*AB+ is universal recipient
Blood Type O
Antigens Present: None
Antibodies Present: A, B
Can Donate to: A, B, AB
Can Receive from: O
- O- is universal donor
Rh ( + or -)
A blood group system that refers to the presence or absence of a protein on the surface of red blood cells.
Examples: AB+, O-
Rh+ can receive from Rh+ or Rh-
Rh- can only receive from Rh-
