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CHEM71030 > Unit 3: Lipids > Flashcards

Unit 3: Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

A triglyceride is made up of a(n) _________ with three __________ attached.

A

Glycerol, fatty acids

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2
Q

A polyunsaturated fatty acid has:

A

Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

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3
Q

After triglycerides are enzymatically digested, what is absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine?

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

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4
Q

Compared to other lipoproteins, HDLs have the most:

A

Proteins

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5
Q

LDL, VLDL, IDL, and HDL all carry different types of cholesterol.

A

False

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6
Q

The largest and most compact form of human energy storage is:

A

Adipose tissue

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7
Q

Which of the following statement is FALSE?
1) Human milk contains lipase enzymes to help an infant digest dietary fat
2) Human milk is high in fat, which babies need for growth and brain development
3) Infants have low levels of bile and pancreatic lipase secretion
4) Infants are born with insufficient lingual and gastric lipases

A

4) Infants are born with insufficient lingual and gastric lipases

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8
Q

Cholesterol can move on its own once its absorbed into the blood stream.

A

False

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9
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE about glycerol?
1) It is found in cholesterol and phospholipids
2) It is found in monoglycerides
3) Its base structure is 4 hydrocarbon rings
4) A triglyceride contains three glycerol molecules

A

2) It is found in monoglycerides

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10
Q

An apolipoprotein is (hint: look up the prefix “apo”):

A

A protein that binds to fat

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11
Q

Canadian guidelines for the screening of dyslipidemia, include testing cholesterol levels for people who are:

A

1) Have a family/personal history of heart disease, diabetes, stroke, or high blood pressure.
2) Smokers, currently or in the last year.
3) Experiencing erectile dysfunction.
4) Males over age 40.

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12
Q

Because our bodies make cholesterol, dietary intake only contributes in a small way (about 20%) to our overall blood cholesterol levels. Other ways to reduce blood cholesterol levels is to:

A

Stop smoking

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13
Q

Which of the following results is falls out of the target (goal) range on a lipid panel?
1) HDL at 2.0mmol/L
2) LDL at 2.0mmol/L
3) Triglycerides at 2.0mmol/L
4) Non-HDL cholesterol at 4.0mmol/L

A

3) Triglycerides at 2.0mmol/L

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14
Q

Chylomicrons are a type of lipoprotein.

A

True

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15
Q

In which of the following area are lipids emulsified and enzymatically digested?

A

Small intestine

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16
Q

In a phosphate group [(PO4)3-], there is one phosphorous and three oxygens. In a phospholipid, which of the following is TRUE about its phosphate bonds?
1) One of the oxygens will have 2 remaining electrons that are able to bond elsewhere
2) All oxygens will attract electropositive molecules equally
3) The phosphorous will bond ionically to four oxygens
4) The phosphorous has five covalent bonds

A

4) The phosphorous has five covalent bonds

17
Q

A molecule with the following structure is a __________?

Methyl end - CH2 -CH =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-acid group

A

Omega 3 fatty acid

18
Q

Glycerol, fatty acids, and disaccharides all contain oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen.

A

True

19
Q

A primary function of visceral fat is to:

A

Protect vital organs

20
Q

What is TRUE about hypercholesteremia in Canada?

A

Rates tend to rise with age

21
Q

Phytochemicals are:

A

Non-essential plant compounds that have human health benefits

22
Q

What is the role of fats in the human body?

A

Fats store energy, are components of cell membranes, offer protection and insulation for the organs, and help to regulate and signal hormones, reproductive health, cholesterol, etc.

23
Q

What are Triglycerides?

A

-Main form of lipid in the diet and body
-The “fat” in foods/bodies
-Made up of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

24
Q

What are Phospholipids?

A

-Used in cell membranes, lipid transport, emulsification of food
-Are both fat and water-soluble
-Made up of 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group on a glycerol backbone

25
Q

What are Sterols?

A

-Includes cholesterol in animals
-Precursor to Vitamin D, bile, hormones.
-Part of membrane structure.
-Is a multi-ring organic molecule.

26
Q

What are Saturated Fats?

A

-NO C=C bonds; all C’s saturated with H
-Packed together; SOLID at room temp
-Animal fats, dairy, coconut oil
-Too much can lead to heart disease, obesity, other health concerns.

27
Q

What are Monosaturated Fats?

A

-1 C=C double bond; 1 point of unsaturation
-Bent structure; LIQUID at room temp
-Canola, olive, peanut oils, avocados, almonds
-Help lower a person’s levels of LDL cholesterol, lower risk of heart disease and stroke.

28
Q

What are Polyunsaturated Fats?

A

-2 or more C=C double bonds; multiple points of unsaturation
-Bent structure; LIQUID at room temp
-Sunflower, soybean, corn oils, fish, flax.
-Help lower a person’s levels of LDL cholesterol, lower risk of heart disease and stroke.

29
Q

What is the role of essential fatty acids in human nutrition?

A
  • Essential fatty acids (Linoleic acid, omega-6) and (Alpha-linolenic acid, omega-3) cannot be produced by the body and must be consumed.
  • They are important for cell membranes and are a source of energy.
30
Q

Outline the steps of Lipid transport and utilization in the human body

A

1.Chylomicrons carry triglycerides from the small intestine to the body’s cell.
2. Chylomicron travels to liver for disassembly.
3. VLDL produced by liver brings more triglycerides to body’s cells.
4. VLDL becomes IDL and then cholesterol-rich LDL as triglycerides are removed.
5. LDL delivers cholesterol to the body’s cells.
6.HDL picks up excess cholesterol and delivers to the liver for use or disposal.

31
Q

What are Chylomicrons?

A
  • Transports lipids from small intestine; delivers triglycerides to the cells.
32
Q

What is VLDL?

A
  • Transports lipids from the liver; delivers triglycerides to the cells
  • High levels of VLDL can raise your risk of atherosclerosis (plaque in the arteries).
33
Q

What is LDL?

A
  • Delivers cholesterol to cells
  • Lower LDL cholesterol levels reduce cardiovascular disease risk.
34
Q

What is HDL?

A
  • Picks up cholesterol in the body and returns it to the liver for disposal
  • Mostly Protein.
  • Higher HDL cholesterol levels reduce cardiovascular disease risk.
35
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in Atherosclerosis?

A

LDL cholesterol is considered sticky and can begin to build up on your artery walls, and when combined with fats and other substances, it clogs up the arteries which causes Atherosclerosis.

CHEM71030 (12 decks)

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