Unit 10: Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Interstitial fluid is:

A

the extracellular fluid that isn’t in the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

An example of a route of insensible water loss is:

A

Exhaled air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Major EXTRAcellular cation

A

Sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Major INTRAcellular cation

A

Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Major EXTRAcellular anion

A

Chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Major INTRAcellular anion

A

Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bone serves as a major reserve for calcium and which other ion?

A

Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Order the following from the MOST water content to the LEAST:
Bone
Blood
Skin
Brain
Teeth

A

1) Brain
2) Skin
3) Blood
4) Bone
5) Teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Water in the body can be found in the following four compartments. Rank them in order from the compartment with the HIGHEST body proportion of water to the LOWEST.
Interstitial fluid
Other
Plasma
Intracellular fluid

A

1) Intracellular fluid
2) Interstitial fluid
3) Plasma
4) Other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rank the ions from highest INTRACELLULAR concentration to lowest:
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium
Phosphate

A

1) Potassium
2) Phosphate
3) Magnesium
4) Sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

At the arterial end of a capillary:

A

Fluid leaves the capillary because hydrostatic pressure exceeds colloidal osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In general, INCREASED hydrostatic pressure in the kidney’s vasculature will result in the production of LESS urine filtrate.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

An intrarenal cause of hypovolemia is:

A

Ketonuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In severe dehydration, hyperchloremia is more likely to occur than hypochloremia?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which of the following is the MOST correct statement about angiotensin II?
1) Its production is decreased in the presence of angiotensin-converting enzymes
2) It is a precursor of aldosterone
3) It converts to angiotensin I to increase blood volume
4) It is a potent vasodilator

A

2) It is a precursor of aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

An individual with a full parathyroidectomy will most likely be prescribed the following supplement:

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

An individual with diabetic ketoacidosis is about to receive a large dose of insulin in hospital. The following electrolyte is the MOST essential one to be checked before the administration of insulin and to be closely monitored throughout the insulin treatment:

A

Potassium

18
Q

The normal concentration of potassium in the urine has an excessively large reference range compared to its reference range in plasma.

A

True

19
Q

The concentration of sodium has NO influence on the osmotic pressure gradient between cells and their environment.

A

False

20
Q

An individual is given an intravenous solution of NaCl that has a higher concentration of sodium compared to what is found in the plasma. This will likely result in water moving out of the intracellular space.

A

True

21
Q

A decrease in blood volume signals osmoreceptors to initiate the thirst response.

A

False

22
Q

How is water distributed in the body?

A

Brain: 80-85%
Kidneys: 80-85%
Lungs: 75-80%
Heart: 75-80%
Liver: 70-75%
Skin: 70-75%
Muscles: 70-75%
Blood: 50%
Bones: 20-25%
Teeth: 8-10%

23
Q

What is an Osmotic Gradient?

A
  • Different in the concentration of all solutes on either side of a semi-permeable membrane.
  • Water will move by osmosis from high conc. side of membrane to side with low conc.
  • Sweating is an example.
24
Q

What is Active Transport?

A
  • Movement of a solute between compartments that REQUIRES energy.
  • Allows cells to move a specific substance against its concentration gradient through a membrane protein.
  • Sodium-Potassium pump is an example.
25
Q

What is Passive Transport?

A
  • Movement of a solute between compartments does NOT require energy.
  • Requires:
    1) the ability to pass through a membrane,
    2) a concentration gradient.
  • Facilitated diffusion is an example.
26
Q

What is fluid homeostasis?

A
  • Fluid homeostasis in the human body is a dynamic process that involves the regulation of water and electrolytes across multiple compartments. The kidneys, hormones, osmotic gradients, and feedback systems work together to maintain stable conditions. Disruptions in any of these subprocesses can lead to dehydration, edema, or electrolyte imbalances, all of which can have serious physiological consequences.
27
Q

Sodium

A

Location: Extracellular fluid

Concentration:
Plasma: 136 – 146 mM
CSF: 138 – 150 mM
Urine: 40 – 220 mM

  • Body regulates sodium levels by monitoring blood volume and sodium concentration, and adjusting the amount of sodium excreted in urine.
  • Responsible for half of the osmotic pressure gradient between the interior of cells and their surrounding environment.
    LOW levels: kidney dysfunction, heart failure, excessive diuretics
    HIGH levels: excessive sodium intake, diabetes insipidus, kidney failure.
28
Q

Potassium

A

Location: Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Concentration:
Plasma: 3.5 – 5 mM
CSF: 0.35 – 3.5 mM
Urine: 25 – 125 mM

  • The kidneys are responsible for excreting excess dietary potassium to maintain external potassium balance.
  • Helps to establish the resting membrane potential in neurons and muscle fibers after membrane depolarization and action potentials.
    LOW levels: excessive vomiting and diarrhea, sweating, malnutrition.
    HIGH levels: kidney failure, acidosis, tissue injury.
29
Q

Chloride

A

Location: Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Concentration:
Plasma: 98 – 107 mM
CSF: 118 – 132 mM
Urine: 110 – 250 mM

  • The paths of secretion and reabsorption in the renal system follow the paths of sodium ions.
  • Major contributor to the osmotic pressure gradient between the ICF and the ECF.
  • Maintains proper hydration.
  • Balance cations in the ECF and maintains electrical neutrality.
    LOW levels: prolonged vomiting and diarrhea, metabolic alkalosis.
    HIGH levels: Dehydration, kidney disease, metabolic acidosis.
30
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Location: Blood

Concentration:
Plasma: 22 – 29 mM

  • The kidneys and lungs regulate bicarbonate levels in the body.
  • Maintain the body’s acid-base balance by being part of buffer systems.
    LOW levels: diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure, lactic acidosis, diarrhea.
    HIGH levels: vomiting, excessive antacid use, diuretics.
31
Q

Calcium

A

Location: Bones

Concentration:
Plasma: 2.15 – 2.55 mM
Urine: Up to 7.49 mM

  • Maintained by actions of hormones that regulate calcium transport in the gut, kidneys, and bone.
  • Necessary for muscle contraction, enzyme activity, nod blood coagulation.
  • Helps to stabilize cell membranes and essential for the release of neurotransmitters from neurons and of hormones from the endocrine system.
    LOW levels: Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, renal failure.
    HIGH levels: Hyperparathyroidism, cancer, excessive vitamin D.
32
Q

Phosphate

A

Location: Bones

Concentration:
Plasma: 0.81 – 1.45 mM
Urine: 12.9 – 42 mM

  • The regulation of phosphate metabolism at the tissue level occurs primarily through communication among the intestine, kidney, and bone. - Found in phospholipids that make up the cell membrane, in ATP, nucleotides, and buffers.
    LOW levels: malnutrition, alcoholism, diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory alkalosis.
    HIGH levels: renal failure, hypoparathyroidism.
33
Q

HYPOvolemia

A
  • State of low extracellular fluid volume (ECF).
  • Often caused by sodium and water loss.
  • Renal Causes: osmotic diuresis, ketonuria.
  • Extrarenal Causes: vomiting, diarrhea, trauma, burns.
  • Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, dizziness, muscle cramping.
34
Q

HYPERvolemia

A
  • Volume overload, expansion of the ECF volume.
  • Causes: heart failure, cirrhosis, kidney failure, premenstrual edema, pregnancy.
  • Symptoms: pitting edema, ascites, lung crackles, increased mass.
35
Q

Crystalloid Solutions

A
  • Low-cost solutions (eg. Saline, 0.9% NaCl in water) with small molecules that can move around easily when injected into the body.
36
Q

Colloid Solutions

A
  • Have bigger molecules so they stay within the intravascular system longer than crystalloid (eg. Starches, dextran, albumin, fresh frozen plasma).
37
Q

Isotonic Solutions

A

These solutions do not cause significant fluid shifts into or out of cells.

Examples:
- Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)
- Lactated Ringer’s
- Ringer’s solution.

38
Q

HYPOtonic Solutions

A

These solutions may cause water to enter cells, leading to cell swelling.

Examples:
- 0.45% NaCl (Half Normal Saline)
- D5W

39
Q

HYPERtonic Solutions

A

This solution can draw water out of cells into the bloodstream, which is useful for conditions like hyponatremia or cerebral edema.

Examples:
- 3% NaCl (Hypertonic saline).

40
Q

Molarity

A
  • Measures the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. (mol/L)
41
Q

Osmolarity

A
  • Measures the total concentration of ALL solutes in the solution.
  • Osmole is 1 mole of any fully dissociated substance dissolved in water. (Osm/L)