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chemistry aqa > Unit 5 revision > Flashcards

Unit 5 revision Flashcards

key points and or definitons in unit 5 of aqa a level chemistry

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1
Q

what is nomenclature?

A

the process of naming organic compounds

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2
Q

what is structural ismoerism?

A

where two molecules have the same molecular formula but different structures

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3
Q

what is molecular formula

A

the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound

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4
Q

what is structural formula?

A

the formula that shows the unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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5
Q

what is skeletal forumla?

A

a formula where staight lines represent carbon bonds,

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6
Q

what is the suffix for aldehydes?

A

-al

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7
Q

what is the suffix for the ketones?

A

-one

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8
Q

what is the suffix for the carboxylic acids?

A

-oic acid

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9
Q

what is the suffix for the alcohols?

A

-ol

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10
Q

what is the functional group of the aldehydes?

A

a carbon double bonded to oxygen and a single bond to a hydrogen

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11
Q

what is the functional group of the alcohols?

A

R-OH

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12
Q

what is the functional group of the ketones

A

C=O

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13
Q

what is the functional group of the carboxylic acids

A

carbon atom double bonded to a oxygen atom and a seperate single bond to an OH group

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14
Q

what is the functional group of the alkenes

A

C=C

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15
Q

name two features of a homolgus series

A

they each have the same functional group

they increase by CH2

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16
Q

what is a chain isomer?

A

where the hydrocarbon chain is arranged differently

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17
Q

what is a functional isomer?

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but different functional groups

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18
Q

what is a positional isomer?

A

the functional group is attached to the main chain at different points

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19
Q

what E-Z isomerism?

A

where substituents are at either side of a carbon-carbon double bond cis-same side or trans-opposite side

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20
Q

why are alkanes non polar?

A

due to the electronegativity of carbon and hydrogen being too similar

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21
Q

why do the boiling points of alkanes increase?

A

as the chain lengths increase so they have more van der waals forces as there are more electrons between atoms.

22
Q

why do branched alkanes have a lower boiling point than unbranched alkanes?

A

they cannot pack together so closely as unbranched chains and so they have less effective van der waals forces.

23
Q

why are alkanes insoluble in water?

A

as water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds which are alot stronger than van der waals forces.

24
Q

describe the process of fractional distillation of crude oil
(5-points)

A
  1. crude oil is heated to around 350 degrees celcius
  2. it is then passed into a distillary column
  3. the fractions evaporate and rise up the column
  4. when they reach their boiling points they condense and are collected.
  5. all fractions except for bitumen evaporate
25
Q

what is cracking?

A

the process of breaking longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter chain more useful hydrocarbons

26
Q

name one advantage of cracking being preformed in industry

A

it cuts down waste and allows for the creation of more useful products that can be sold on to create a profit

27
Q

name the conditions of thermal cracking

A

.700-1200kelvin

.pressure of around 7000kpa

28
Q

describe the process of thermal cracking

A

the hydrocarbon is heated breaking the covalent bond between two carbon atoms each of these recieve an electron, these form two shorter chain alkanes and an alkene.

29
Q

what is a free radical?

A

molecules with free electrons these are highly reactive

30
Q

name the conditions of catalytic cracking

A

cataylist is present
temperature of around 720K
pressure greater than 1 atmospheric pressure

31
Q

what is the catalyst in catalytic cracking?

A

zeolites which consist of silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide

32
Q

describe the shape of a zeolite catalyst and why this shape helps

A

honeycomb shape to give an enormous surface area

33
Q

how are the products of cracking seperated?

A

by fractional distillation

34
Q

name the products of complete alkane combustion?

A

carbon dioxide and water

35
Q

name the products of incomplete alkane combustion

A

carbon( if there is too little oxygen) carbon monoxide and water

36
Q

why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

A

it is a toxic gas that binds to the haemoglobin in the red blood cells causing death by asphyxiation

37
Q

how is sulfur dioxide produced?

A

it comes from the sulfur impurities present in crude oil

and coal combustion

38
Q

what does sulfur dioxide contribute towards?

A

acid rain

39
Q

how is sulfur dioxide removed from the atmosphere?

A

it is reacted with calcium carbonate(CaCo3) this forms gypsum which is a useful building material

40
Q

what do particulates cause and contribute towards?

A
  • cause cancer

- contribute towards global dimming

41
Q

how are nitrogen oxides formed?

A

when there is enough energy for nitrogen and oxygen in the air to combine.

42
Q

what do nitrogen oxides contribute towards?

A

acid rain and photochemical smog

43
Q

how are nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide removed from the atmosphere?

A

by catalytic converters in cars

44
Q

whats is the catalyst and shape of a catalytic converter?

A

honeycomb made of cermaic coated with platinum

45
Q

what do carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide form in a cataylitic converter?

A

carbon dioxide and nitrogen

46
Q

why are haloalkanes polar?

A

as they have a large enough difference in electronegativity between the carbon and halogen

47
Q

why won’t haloalkanes mix with water but mix with hydrocarbons

A

as they are not polar enough to mix with water but polar enough to mix with hydrocarbons

48
Q

what happens to the boiling points of haloalkanes

A

they increase as the chain length of carbons get longer

they decrease with branching of the carbon chain

49
Q

what is the most important factor when determining the reactivity of haloalkanes?

A

bond enthalpy

50
Q

what is a nucleophile?

A

a negtatively charged ion or has an atom with a delta - charge that has a lone pair of electrons

51
Q

what is nucleophilic substitution?

A

a reaction in which a molecule with a partially positively charged carbon ion is attacked by a reagent with a negatvie charge or partially negatively charged area, one of the groups or atoms in on the original molecule is replaced by the nucleophile

52
Q

what is an elimination reaction?

A

a reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is removed from a reactant

chemistry aqa (26 decks)

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