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(SLU) PHARMA 112: BOTANY LEC > UNIT 5: PLANT LEAVES w/o Phyllotaxy > Flashcards

UNIT 5: PLANT LEAVES w/o Phyllotaxy Flashcards

1
Q

Functions

A
  1. Manufacture of food through
    photosynthesis
  2. Gas exchange via respiration
  3. Protect vegetative and floral buds
  4. Water transport via transpiration - The loss of water vapor through the stomata of leaves.
  5. Store food during germination
  6. Horticultural uses
    - Food
    - Herb
    - Compost
    - Summer cooling
    - Medicinal uses
    - Wind, dust, noise reduction
    - Aesthetic qualities
    - Plant identification
    - Beverage
    - Propagation from cuttings
    - Wildlife habitat
    - Aromatic oils and wax
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2
Q

a process occurring in the leaves wherein food is manufactured from water and CO2, with the aid of chlorophyll in the presence of light energy (sunlight or artificial light)

6 CO2 + 12 H2O ——–> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6H2O
light energy glucose

A

Photosynthesis

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3
Q

Essential factors in photosynthesis –any factor whose presence is required to initiate a reaction

If one of these factors is absent, the reaction will not proceed

  1. Raw materials – _________
    a. _____ through the _____
    b. _____ through the _____
A

substrates

a. CO2 through the stomates
b. H2O through the roots

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4
Q

primarily from the sun but electric light can also be used

  • needed to convert simple molecules to more complex ones
A

energy (light energy)

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5
Q
  1. Pigments –especially _________

– chloroplast: ______ & ________

  • ______: contains chlorophyll (green pigment)
  • where light reaction of photosynthesis takes place
  • ______: contains enzymes
  • where the dark reaction
    takes place
A
  • chlorophyll
  • grana and stroma

grana

stroma

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6
Q

Optimum temperature
– ___ to ___ degrees Celsius

The rate of photosynthesis is increased as the temperature increases up to 35 degrees (beyond 35 degrees)

A

5 to 40 degrees celsius

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7
Q

2 steps of Photosynthesis

A

light reaction
dark reaction

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8
Q
  • light dependent reaction
  • occurs in the granum of the chloroplasts
A

light reaction

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9
Q
  • light independent reaction
  • occurs in the stroma
A

dark reaction

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10
Q
  • Produce sugar from light energy
  • Stores energy
  • Occurs only in cells with chloroplasts
  • Releases oxygen
  • Uses water
  • Uses carbon dioxide
  • Requires light
A

photosynthesis

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11
Q
  • Burns sugars for energy
  • Releases energy
  • Occurs in most cells
  • Uses oxygen
  • Produces water
  • Produces carbon dioxide
  • Occurs in dark and light
A

respiration

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12
Q

parts of leaves

A

BLADE
- apex
- margin
- veins
- midrib
- base

petiole
axillary bud
stipule
stem

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13
Q

external structure of leaves

A

leaf blade
petiole
veins
node
axillary bud
stipule
margin

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14
Q

Wide flattened area of leaf for concentrating sunlight on photosynthetic cells

A

leaf blade

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15
Q

Short stem that attaches leaf to main stem or branch

A

petiole

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16
Q

Vascular bundles within leaf for transport

A

veins

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17
Q

Growth region of stem where leaves or new branches arise

A

node

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18
Q

Baby leaf or stem

A

axillary bud

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19
Q

Leaflike outgrowths usually present in pairs at the base of the petiole

A

stipule

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20
Q

edge of the leaf

A

margin

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21
Q

For plant identification purposes, the _________, _________, & __________ are key features to note.

Remember, a leaf begins at the _________ or __________.

A

shape of the leaf margin, leaf tip and leaf base

lateral or auxiliary bud

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22
Q

dicot leaf

A
  • petiole
  • veins
  • leaf blade

where leaf would be attached to the branch or stem at the node

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23
Q

monocot leaf

A
  • sheath
  • ligule
  • auricle
  • collar
24
Q

part of leaf that holds leaf to stem –encases stem

A

sheath

25
Q

membrane-like tissue extending up from the sheath (on inside) –keeps dirt and moisture out –clear membrane on leaf where attaches to stem

A

ligule

26
Q

small appendages that extend out and sometimes around the stem –found at the junction of the blade and sheath –can be clasping or non clasping appendages

A

auricle

27
Q

area between the leaf blade and sheath –auricles and ligules are on the inside of this area

A

collar

28
Q
  • blade-like leaf blade

– wrapped around the stem

– no petiole

– have main vascular bundles running parallel along length of leaf

A

monocot leaf

29
Q
  • have both a leaf blade and a petiole

– single midrib (Vascular bundles) with branches

A

dicot leaf

30
Q

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAVES

A
  1. epidermis
    - upper and lower
    - stomata
  2. mesophyll
    - palisade layer
    - spongy layer
  3. veins of vascular bundles
31
Q
  • outermost single layer of the leaf that consists of flattened and transparent cells which permits unobstructed sunlight to enter the underlying photosynthetic cells
  • cell walls contain ______ in a continuous layer called ______.
  • thin in plants in moist habitats and thicker in dry areas to prevent rapid transpiration

2 types

A
  • cutin
  • cuticle

upper and lower epidermis

EPIDERMIS

32
Q
  • has a thicker cuticle because it is the exposed part to the sun
  • lesser stomata to prevent rapid transpiration
A

upper epidermis

33
Q
  • thinner cuticle and contains more stomata
A

lower epidermis

34
Q
  • contain guard cells to regulate the opening of the stomatal pore
  • in darkness, the guard cells are limp and the stomates are closed
  • in the presence of light, the guard cells are turgid because they absorb water and the stomates are open
A

stomata

35
Q
  • Turgidity of the __________ will determine the closing and opening of the cell
A

guard cells

36
Q

the middle part of the leaf, rich in chlorophyll, usually surrounded by bundle sheaths and is composed by two distinct tissues:

A

palisade layer
spongy layer

MESOPHYLL

37
Q

– the upper layer, vertically elongated and compactly arranged parenchyma cells lying just below the upper epidermis

  • ______________: chief photosynthetic cells of the plant
A

Chlorenchyma cells

PALISADE LAYER

38
Q

lower layer made up of loosely arranged cells of variable forms

A

SPONGY LAYER

39
Q
  • branched continuations of the vascular bundles of the petiole and midrib that consists of the xylem and phloem
  • in most leaves, the xylem is in the upper part of the veins while the phloem is in the lower part
A

VEINS OF THE VASCULAR BUNDLES

40
Q

LEAF TYPES

A
  1. conifer
  2. ginkgo
  3. dicot
  4. monocot
41
Q

The leaves of conifers are needle-like (as on pines) or scale-like (as on junipers (Juniperus)

– Each conifer leaf has a single vein

A

conifer

42
Q

unique plant having fan-shaped leaf blades with dichotomous venation in which the veins branch into two equal or unequal lengths.

A

ginkgo

43
Q

Most of these blades have pinnate
(feather-like) venation in which major veins diverge from one large mid-vein, with smaller network connections between

A

dicot

44
Q

With parallel venation, major veins arise at the base, remain more or less parallel, and converge at the tip with small vein interconnections

A

monocot

45
Q

LEAF ATTACHMENT

A
  1. petiolate
  2. sessile
46
Q

The leaf blade is attached to the stem by a stalk called a petiole

A

petiolate

47
Q

When the leaf blade is attached directly to the stem without a petiole

A

sessile

48
Q

specialized or modified leaves

A
  1. tendrils
  2. prickles and thorns
  3. storage leaves/succulent leaves
  4. reproductive leaves
  5. insect-trapping leaves
  6. colorful bracts
  7. winged petiole
  8. enlarged petiole
49
Q
  • blade of leaves or leaflets are reduced in size, allows plant to cling to other objects
  • sweet pea and garden peas
A

tendrils

50
Q
  • epidermal outgrowths on stems and leaves
  • holly, rose, and raspberries
A

prickles and thorns

51
Q

retain water in large vacuoles

A

storage leaves/succulent leaves

52
Q
  • Kalanchöe plantlets arise on
    margins of leaves
A

reproductive leaves

53
Q
  • pitcher plants, sundews, venus flytraps, and bladderworts
  • have modified leaves for
    capturing insects
  • all these plants live under nutrient-poor conditions and digest insect bodies to obtain nitrogen and other essential nutrients
A

insect-trapping leaves

54
Q

petal-like leaves

A

colorful bracts

55
Q

additional surface area for photosynthesis

  • Citrus plants
A

winged petiole

56
Q
  • petiole is enlarged and filled with air for buoyancy
  • Water hyacinth
A

enlarged petiole

(SLU) PHARMA 112: BOTANY LEC (14 decks)

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