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(SLU) PHARMA 112: BOTANY LEC > MIDTERM: STEM > Flashcards

MIDTERM: STEM Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of stem

A

►Conduction of materials
▶Support for aerial parts (leaves, fruits. flowers)
►Production of leaves, branches and new shoots
▶Food storage
►Photosynthesis (green stems)

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2
Q

External anatomy

A
  1. nodes
  2. internodes
  3. leaf axils
  4. buds
    - apical/terminal buds
    - axillary/lateral buds
  5. leaf primordia
  6. bud primordia
  7. bud scales
  8. apical meristem
  9. region of elongation
  10. maturation region
  11. scars
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3
Q

joint-like structures where leaves develop

A

nodes

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4
Q

the spaces between nodes

A

internodes

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5
Q

angle formed by the leaf with the stem

A

leaf axils

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6
Q

growing or developing portions of the stem which give rise to shoots

2 types of buds

A

buds

apical/terminal buds
axillary/lateral buds

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7
Q
  • formed at the tips/ends/apex of stems
  • at the nodes or axils of the stems
A

apical/terminal buds

axillary/lateral buds

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8
Q

a typical bud consists of a mass of _____________

A

meristematic tissues

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9
Q

beginning of the leaves which surround the mass of cells of the bud

A

leaf primordia

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10
Q

beginnings of new buds

A

bud primordia

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11
Q

protect the apical meristem

A

bud scales

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12
Q

region of actively dividing cells

A

apical meristem

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13
Q

also has embryonic tissues

A

region of elongation

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14
Q

contain primary tissues (group of cells having common structure and function)

A

maturation region

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15
Q

marks the location of a certain part

3 types

A

scars

leaf scars
bud scars
vascular bundle scars

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16
Q

crescent-shaped or circular marks left by the fall of leaves; they are places at which the leaf stalks grew from the stem

A

leaf scars

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17
Q

ring of small narrow scars left by the falling away of the bud scales

A

bud scars

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18
Q

broken ends of vascular bundles which extend from the conducting tissues of the stem into the leaf stalk

A

vascular bundle scars

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19
Q

tiny raised pores in the stem for gas exchange

A

lenticels

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20
Q

TISSUES PATTERNS IN STEMS

A

stele
prostostele
siphonosteles
eusteles

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21
Q
  • simplest form
  • phloem surrounds the xylem
A

protostele

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22
Q

tubular with pith at the center

A

siphonosteles

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23
Q
  • present in most plants
  • primary phloem and primary xylem are in vascular bundles
A

eusteles

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24
Q

STEM CLASSIFICATION

A

LOCATION
- acaulescent
- caulescent

TEXTURE
- herbaceous
- woody

DIRECTION OF GROWTH
- erect
- ascending
- decumbent
- prostrate/procumbent
- creeping
- scandent/climbing

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25
Q
  • with no obvious stem above the ground
  • only the leaves are seen

eg. grasses

A

acaulescent

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26
Q
  • with obvious stems above the ground, as in most stems
A

caulescent

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27
Q
  • appear soft fleshy and green
  • herbaceous plants often live only for a short period of time
A

herbaceous

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28
Q
  • forms permanent woody tissues
  • hard and usually covered with bark
A

woody

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29
Q
  • ascends perpendicularly to the ground
  • general direction of growth
A

erect

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30
Q

stem rises obliquely (slanting)

A

ascending

31
Q

more or less reclining to the ground

A

decumbent

32
Q

lying flat on the ground

eg. kamote

A

Prostrate/ procumbent:

33
Q
  • when closely pressed to the ground and rooting at the nodes
  • with stolons
A

creeping

34
Q
  • stems ascend by means of a support offered by other plants or objects, whether by tendrils, rootlets or other means
A

scandent/climbing

35
Q

INTERNAL STRUCTURE

A

herbaceous stems
woody stems

36
Q
  • (lack secondary growth)

✓ most ________ are herbaceous, while ________ are herbaceous or woody

✓ only the primary tissues are present (how many ____)

A

HERBACEOUS STEMS

monocots; dicots

6 PRIMARY TISSUES:

a. EPIDERMIS

b. CORTEX: contains parenchyma cells)

c. ENDODERMIS

d. VASCULAR BUNDLES: xylem-inner; phloem-outer

e. VASCULAR CAMBIUM: in between the xylem and in dicots only, where secondary growth arises

f. PITH: visible in dicots only

37
Q

contains parenchyma cells

A

cortex

38
Q
  • xylem-inner
  • phloem-outer
A

vascular bundles

39
Q
  • in between the xylem
  • in dicots only, where secondary growth arises
A

vascular cambium

40
Q
  • visible in dicots only
  • parenchyma cells inside the ring
A

pith

41
Q

INTERNAL STRUCTURE

  • vascular bundles do not have a definite arrangement (_______) in the cortex
  • covered by a structure: _____________ thick-walled strengthening cells
  • no pith (no definite distinction between cortex and pith)
  • no secondary growth (secondary xylem and phloem, cork cambium, cork) occurs due to the absence of a ______________
A

scattered

vascular bundle sheath

vascular cambium

MONOCOTS

42
Q

INTERNAL STRUCTURE

  • growth in diameter is _________ on the increase in size of the primary tissues (epidermis, cortex, primary xylem and phloem)
  • the greater part of the stems consist of _____________
  • directly adjacent to the epidermis and surrounding the bundles are the ____________ and ____________ which strengthen and support the stem
  • DISTINCT EPIDERMIS
A

dependent

parenchyma tissues

collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues

MONOCOTS

43
Q

INTERNAL STRUCTURE

  • vascular bundles are arranged in an orderly _____ and are not scattered
  • the _____ is present due to the circular arrangement of the vascular bundles
  • ______________ is present which is visible between the xylem and phloem
A

ring

pith

vascular cambium

DICOTS

44
Q

INTERNAL STRUCTURE

  • it may be restricted to the individual bundles, or it may be continuous from bundle to bundle
  • _________________ are poorly developed
  • ___________ and ___________ function as supporting structures
  • VASCULAR TISSUE ARRANGED IN A CYLINDER
A

secondary tissues

collenchyma and vascular fibers

DICOTS

45
Q

INTERNAL STRUCTURE

WOODY STEMS

  • aside from the primary tissues, there is the formation of ________________ which give rise to the ________ condition
  • the __________ are in the form of ________________
A

secondary tissues
woody

conducting tissues
concentric circles/cylinders

46
Q

SECONDARY TISSUES

a. ____________: layer of meristematic cells between the xylem and the phloem arranged in a cylinder

✓produces continuous layers of _______________ in the inner portion of the cylinder and ______________ in the outer area, therefore causing the mature stem to increase in thickness

A

Vascular cambium

secondary xylem cells
secondary phloem cells

47
Q

INTERNAL STRUCTURE

b. _________________ : the inner derivative of the vascular cambium

  • comprises about 90% of a typical tree
  • cells present: _________ and ________________
  • in concentric layers: each layer develops per year, thus are called __________
  • in most trees water moves only in the _____________
  • after one or two years, the tubes become filled with materials and soon die and become darker in color
A

Secondary xylem/wood

tracheids and vessels/vessel elements

annual rings

new annual ring

48
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF WOOD

A

sapwood
heartwood

49
Q
  • wood in the outer rings of the xylem
  • the transport of water and nutrients only occur in this area
A

sapwood

50
Q
  • older dark rings near the center/pith
  • the portion wherein metabolites (gums, resin, oils, tannins) and other wastes are deposited and eventually clog up the xylary elements and cause the wood to become darker in color
  • supports the tree
  • more durable and more preferred for lumber
A

heartwood

51
Q

3 TISSUES COMPRISING THE PERIDERM

A

phellogen/cork cambium

phellem/cork cells

phelloderm/secondary cortex

52
Q

the meristem that produces the periderm

A

phellogen/cork cambium

53
Q
  • outer derivative of the cork cambium, occur in densely packed rows
  • cells are dead, suberized, and function to waterproof, insulate, and protect the plant
A

phellem/cork cells

54
Q
  • inner derivative of the cork cambium, which is ______________
  • cells are alive and not suberized
A

phelloderm/secondary cortex

parenchymatous

55
Q

STRUCTURE OF WOOD

A

wood
annual ring
summerwood
springwood

56
Q
  • composed chiefly of cellulose and lignin
  • a compound often associated with cellulose
A

wood

57
Q
  • outer band of each ring is made up of smaller and sometimes thicker-walled cells
  • formed in the summer
A

summerwood

58
Q

inner band of each ring is made up of rather large cells formed by the cambium in the spring

A

springwood

59
Q

PHYSIOLOGY OF STEMS

A
  • conduction of materials by the xylem
  • transpiration pull
  • cohesion-adhesion
  • root pressure
  • guttation
  • conduction of materials in phloem
60
Q

______ (function): upward conduction of water and dissolved nutrients (sap)
- minerals and food stored in the roots

what causes sap to go up?
_______________ are differentiated into tiny tubes which are like capillary tubes.

A

xylem
xylem cells

CONDUCTION OF MATERIALS BY THE XYLEM

61
Q

_______________: loss of water through the stomates and lenticels due to:

a. __________: directly proportional rate of absorption

b. __________: indirectly proportional

c. __________: increases evaporation

___________: like a pull which causes water and sap to go up and replace the lost water

A

TRANSPIRATION PULL (pull from above)

a. temperature: higher temp = high rate of absorption

b. humidity: more humid = decreased rate “”

c. air current = presence of air current increases evaporation

transpiration

62
Q

____________: holding together of like substances

A

cohesion

63
Q

____________: holding together of unlike substances

A

adhesion

64
Q
  • water has a tremendous property of ___________, each molecule clinging tenaciously to several adjacent molecule
  • when the leaves transpire (water evaporates from the ________), water is lost in the leaves and aerial parts molecule by molecule
  • due to this water loss, the water in the ______________ will move up to the leaves
A

cohesion

stomates

vascular tissues

COHESION-ADHESION

65
Q
  • result of the _______________ of water into the vascular elements of the root
  • generated by the ______________ from the soil to the xylem
  • as long as water molecules continue to vacate transpiration sites, _______________ are pulled under tension and the root pressure then pushes water up (the pressure is generated by the active absorption of water)
A

osmotic uptake

active absorption

replacement molecules

ROOT PRESSURE (push from below)

66
Q
  • the excretion of droplets of water by plants from special openings called ___________ located at the edges or tips of leaves at the ends of veins
  • occurs when humidity is _____, and so transpiration does not occur and water accumulates in the leaves (water is continuously being absorbed when environment is ____________)
  • may also occur at night and during rainy season when evaporation is ____________
A

hydathodes

high
hypotonic

minimal

GUTTATION

67
Q

Conduction of Materials in the Phloem

___________ (function): to distribute the products of photosynthesis via ____________

Mass flow/Pressure flow theory:
- flow of solutes in mass as a result of _____________ build up in the cells

  • ____________: sites of food production in the plant (leaves)
  • ____________: sites of use (other plant parts)
A

phloem
translocation

turgor pressure

source region
sink region

CONDUCTION OF MATERIALS IN THE PHLOEM

68
Q

_____________: moves solutes (minerals) into the __________ of the phloem vessel

  • As a result, there will be an increase in solute concentration in the sieve elements making them ____________
  • Because they are __________, they will then attract water from nearby ___________ through __________
  • When water moves into the ____________ of the phloem, ____________ builds up in those cells
A

active transport
sieve tubes

hypertonic

xylem vessels
osmosis

sieve elements
turgor pressure

69
Q
  • This will cause water and solutes to move into the next cell whose solute concentration is ______, until they reach the ___________. This is called ________.
  • Water then moves out of the _________ and also goes into the _________ or re-enters the ________
A

lower
sink regions (regions of use)
bulk flow

sieve tubes
sink regions
xylem vessels

70
Q

Meristems contain cells that usually

A
  • are SMALL in size
  • have THIN cell walls
  • contain little or NO VACUOLE
71
Q
  • ______________ produce stem and leaf tissues (_____________)
  • Apical meristem can switch to a ____________ and produce flowers
  • Switch can be triggered by day length, temperature, and developmental stage

________: can be viewed as a series of concentric rings of various tissues

A

Shoot apical meristems
vegetative structures

floral meristem

stems

72
Q
  • External layer of cells
  • Covered with a cuticle to reduce water loss
  • May contain _______ and _______
  • In woody plants this is replaced by a _______
  • provides a stronger external surface
  • more resistant to damage
  • protective layer
A

stomata
trichomes

cork layer

EPIDERMIS

73
Q

Functions of the
epidermis

A
  • prevent water loss
  • protect against invasion by pathogens
  • protect internal tissues

(SLU) PHARMA 112: BOTANY LEC (14 decks)

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