FINALS: FLOWERS Flashcards
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS
- according to class
- according to radial symmetry
- according to parts present
- according to flower organs
- according to presence of reproductive organs
- according to position of ovaries
basic parts of a flower
petal
sepals
stamen
pistil/carpel
non-reproductive parts of a flower
petals
sepals
bright/heavily colored
petals
collection of petals
corolla
collection of sepals
calyx
collection of corolla and calyx
perianth
- male reproductive organ
- they fertilize the ovules
pollen grains
the female part of the flower
pistil
secondary metabolism that gives color
antocyanins
petal’s aromatic substances
volatile oil
biological function of flowers
sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction
- entails the fusion of reproductive cells: eggs and sperm cells
- Fusion of gametes - “__________” occur in the flower’s ovary.
fertilization
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- does not involve the formation of flowers, seeds and fruits
- offspring generally form asexually when a vegetative structure (stems, leaves, roots) of an existing plant grows, expands and then becomes separated from the rest of the plant
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
external structure of flowers
- receptacle
- peduncle or pedicel
- perianth
- bracts
* involucre - Sepals (Calyx)
- Petals (Corolla)
- stamen
- filament
- anther - pistil
- carpel
- ovary
- style
- stigma
- the tip of the floral twig
- the enlarged portion of the flower stalk to which the other organs are attached
- where floral organs attach and originate
receptacle
stalk of the flower
- composed of the calyx (collection of sepals) and corolla (collection of petals)
- small leaves at the base of a flower stalk
- collection of bracts
PEDUNCLE / PEDICEL
- perianth
- bracts
- involucre
- the outermost circle of green leaf-like structure that function for protection and keeps an unopened flower from drying
- falls off after pollination or when flower matures
sepals (calyx)
a circle of brightly colored organs that lie inside the sepals that secrete aromatic substances and nectar (concentrated sugar solution)
petals (corolla)
reproductive parts of a flower
stamen
pistil
situated inside the petals, consist of:
a. _________: stalk of the anther
b. _________: the apex of the stamen that contains pollen grains (male gametophyte)
STAMEN
a. filament
b. anther
structure at the center of the
flower
PISTIL
pistil consists of
carpel
ovary
style
stigma
ovule – bearing unit of the pistil
CARPEL
hollow base which contains the ovules (female gametophyte, underdeveloped seeds) that will be the fruit
OVARY
stalk of the pistil into which the pollen tube travels during pollination
STYLE
flat, sticky, expanded structure at the upper end of the style specialized to receive the pollen
- found at the end of the pistil
- has a sticky surface to catch pollen
STIGMA
- female reproductive cells or
eggs - undeveloped seeds
ovules
according to class
monocot
dicot
floral parts occur in multiples of 3
monocot
- floral parts occur in multiples of 2, 4 or 5, less frequently in 3s,
- include about 80% of
angiosperms
dicot
according to radial symmetry
- regular “actinomorphic”
- irregular (bilateral) - zygomorphic
- banner or standard
- wings
- keel
built on a wheel-like basis where all parts of each set of organs are the same size and shape
- actinomorphic
regular
- rose, tulip, daisy, gumamela
- radially symmetrical (Brassica rapa) — Brassicaceae
can be divided along a single plan to produce two halves which are mirror images of each other
- Corolla may be composed of the following:
- _________: single broad conspicuous petal
- ________: usually two, narrower petals
- ________: opposite the banner; one or two smaller petals
- zygomorphic
irregular (bilateral)
- orchid, peas, beans
- Banner or standard
- Wings
- Keel
- bilaterally symmetrical (Habenaria sp.) — Orchidaceae
according to parts present
complete
incomplete
has all the basic parts like the stamen, petals, pistil, and sepals
complete
- rose, lily, gumamela
lacks one or more of the floral organs
incomplete
- elm, wheat, grass
according to flower organs
connation
adnation
- floral organs of the same kind are fused together
- floral organs are fused to other floral organs
- connation
- adnation
according to the presence of reproductive organs
- perfect (bisexual or hermaphroditic)
- imperfect (unisexual)
- pistillate
- staminate
- monoecious
- dioecious
- polygamomonoecious
- contains both pistil and
stamen - flowers that have both male and female parts
perfect (bisexual/hermaphroditic)
- rose, gumamela
- lacks one of the essential
organs (sex structure) - contains either the pistil or stamen only
a. _______: only the pistil is present
b. _______: only the stamen is present
c. _______: contains pistil and stamen in one plant
- corn, cucumber, squash
d. _______: pistil and stamen are found on separate plants
- papaya, asparagus, willow
e. _______: an individual plant with flowers plus staminate or pistilate unisexual flowers
imperfect (unisexual)
a. Pistillate
b. Staminate
c. Monoecious
d. Dioecious
e. Polygamomonoecious
according to the position of the ovaries
- Hypogynous (Superior ovary)
- Perigynous (Half-inferior ovary)
- Epigynous (Inferior ovary)
primary parts are attached to the receptacle under the ovary
- Hypogynous (Superior ovary)
- tulip, mustard, China rose, lily, magnolia
the pistil is in the bottom of a concave receptacle to the edges of which the sepals, stamen and petals are attached
- Perigynous (Half-inferior ovary)
- cherry, peach, plum, pea, apple, rose, strawberry
the pistil is sunken into the receptacle, with sepals, petals and stamens attached above the ovary
- Epigynous (Inferior ovary)
- honeysuckle, sunflower, cucumber, dandelion, orchids, squash
- cluster of flowers
- all flowers arising from the main stem axis or peduncle
- flowers included in the inflorescence are called ______
3 types
- florets
- single
- determine/cynose
- compound/synflorescence
INFLORESCENCE
- flowers are gathered in a
single pattern
7 classifications
- SINGLE
a. raceme
b. spike
c. corymb
d. umbel
e. head or capitulum
f. spadix
g. catkin or ament
- florets are attached along a floral peduncle with stems similar in length
- young florets appear above and old ones below
raceme
similar to racemes but florets are attached directly to the floral peduncle, without stems
spike
all the florets are arranged along a floral peduncle but stems have different lengths such a way that all the florets appear at the same flat round level
corymb
florets arise from the same point of the peduncle
umbel
florets bearing no stem are gathered together on a platform-shaped peduncle
head or capitulum
spike of flowers densely arranged around it, enclosed or accompanied by a highly specialized bract called a
- spathe
SPADIX
scaly, drooping spike or raceme
catkin or ament
first-formed flower develops from the growing region at the top of the flower stalk
- apical tissues of the main stem and laterals lose their meristematic capacity and differentiate into flowers
- New growth arises from continued cell division in the axillary meristems
- Older flowers are usually found near the stem apex
- Determinate/Cymose
when a complex pattern is made of another pattern
6 classifications
- Compound/Synflorescence
- panicle
- compound umbel
- compound spike
- compound capitulum
- cymose corymb
- thyrse
formed by several racemes gathered together
panicle
several umbels gathered together
compound umbel
- spike of spikelets
- Sessile flowers (spikelets) are present on the branched main-axis of the
compound spikes
- assembles multiple flowers into a single, highly compressed structure
- most advanced inflorescence
- characteristic of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family
compound capitulum
- a cluster of flowers arranged on a stem
- combines characteristics of corymbs and cymes
cymose corymb
