HISTORY OF BOTANY Flashcards
Natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy
Biology
what are the important principles of biology
- cells are the basic unit of life
- new species and inherited traits are the product of evolution.
- genes are the basic unit of heredity
- an organism regulates its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition.
- living organisms consume and transform energy
5 divisions of biology
botany
zoology
biochemistry
physiology
ecology
- plant/vegetable kingdom
- from greek word “botane”
botany
meaning of botane
pasture
grass
fodder
animal kingdom
zoology
examines the rudimentary chemistry of life
biochemistry
examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism
physiology
examines how various organisms interact and associate with their environment
ecology
8 people sa history of plants
- Rhizotomoi (root collectors)
- Theophrastus of Eresus (greek philosopher)
- Pedanius Dioscorides (greek physician)
- Pliny the Elder (Roman)
- Galen (Graeco-roman)
- Valerius Cordus
- Cesalpino (Italian botanist)
- Carolus Linnaeus (swedish)
RTPPGVCC
gathered medicinal herbs and prepared them for the pharmacopola.
rhizotomoi (root collectors)
wrote 10 books on “History of Plants.”
theophrastus of eresus (greek philosopher)
wrote the book “De Materia Medica” which included a number of descriptions of medicinal plants.
pedanius dioscorides (greek physician)
wrote the book “Historia Naturalis.”
pliny the elder (roman)
coined the word Galenicals.
galen (graeco-roman)
wrote a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance, “Novum Dispensatorium.”
valerius cordus
“De Plantis”
cesalpino (italian botanist)
- wrote the book, “Species Plantarium”
- described binomial system of classification
carolus linnaeus (swedish)
departments of botany
plant morphology
plant embryology
plant physiology
taxonomy or systemic botany
plant economy
plant genetics
phytopathology
phytogeography
phytopaleontology
mycology
bryology
algology
economic or applied botany
parts or structure of plants
plant morphology
3 types of plant morphology
a. Macromorphology/Gross anatomy of plants
b. Micromorphology/plant histology
c. Plant cytology
deals w the external characters of plants and their parts organs.
Macromorphology/gross anatomy of plants
considers the minute or microscopic structure of plants and plant tissues.
micromorphology/plant histology
deals w the stages of growth, differentiation and development of plant body.
plant embryology
deals w plant cells and their contents.
plant cytology
deals w the study of the life processes or functions of plants (nutrition, growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc.).
plant physiology
classification or arrangement of plants in groups in accordance with their relationships to one another.
taxonomy or systemic botany
deals w plants and their parts in relation to their environment.
plant ecology
deals w the coming into being of new individuals or races of plants.
plant genetics
diseases of plants
phytopathology (plant pathology)
distribution of plants upon the earth
phytogeography (plant geography)
refers to the appearance of an individual plant in its entirety.
habit
refers to where a plant grows in its environment.
habitat
historical plants traceable in their fossil remains
phytopaleontology (geologic botany)
botany of fungi
mycology
botany of mosses and liverworts
bryology
botany of algae
algology
6 types of economic or applied botany
pharmaceutical botany
pharmacognosy
agronomy
horticulture
forestry
plant breeding
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botany of drug, spice, dye, and poisonous plants
pharmaceutical botany
history, commerce, selection, identification, valuation, and preservation of crude drugs.
pharmacognosy
deals w crop plants
agronomy
cultivation of garden or orchard plants
horticulture
management of forests and of timber plants
forestry
growing of improved races of plants
plant breeding
HOW TO STUDY PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY?
- Morphology of plants
- Taxonomy
- Elementary physiology of plants
- Medicinal Applications
importance of botany to man
food
oxygen
supply timber to homes, ships, furniture
clothing and paper
fuel from coal
spices and flavorings
oil and resins
insecticides
lessen pollution and cool environment
sources of drugs
three facts about population:
- more offsprings are produced than can possibly survive
- traits vary among individuals, leading to differential rates of survival and reproduction
- trait differences are heritable
first to formulate a scientific argument for the theory of evolution by means of natural selection
charles darwin
A PRODUCT OF COSMIC, PLANETARY, AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- evolution of cosmos
- the prebiotic earth
- the early evolution of life
- evolution of advanced life
- the future
development of RNA and DNA molecules
sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides
most of life’s history involved the biochemical evolution of???
single-celled microorganisms
oldest microbial communities often constructed layered mound-shaped deposits called
stromatolites
structures suggest that those organisms sought light and were therefore photosynthetic
stromatolites
