fruits and seeds Flashcards
1
Q
- Fertilized and ripened ovary
- composed of both pericarp (fruit wall) and seed
A
fruit
2
Q
After ripening, the ovary wall change into
A
pericarp
3
Q
The pericarp is differentiated in 3 layers:
- _________: It is the outermost layer, which is also called “rind”.
- _________: It is the middle layer.
- _________: It forms the innermost layer.
A
- Epicarp
- Mesocarp
- Endocarp
4
Q
parts of a fruit
A
PERICARP
- epicarp (outer skin)
- mesocarp (fleshy, edible part)
- endocarp (inner stony wall)
SEED
- embryo (baby plant)
- endosperm (reserved food)
- seed coat
5
Q
matured & developed ovary and accessory parts that have developed and matured
*Normally contains seeds.
*All fruits develop from ____________ (therefore found exclusively in flowering plants)
A
fruit
- flower ovaries
6
Q
fleshy fruit
A
- berries
- drupes
- pomes
7
Q
dry
A
- dehiscent (those that split at maturity)
- indehiscent (those that don’t split at maturity)
8
Q
FLESHY FRUIT
A
- simple fruit (drupe)
- berry
- aggregate fruit
- multiple fruit
- pomes (not true fruit)
9
Q
DRY FRUIT
A
DEHISCENT
- follicle
- capsule
- legume
- silique
INDEHISCENT
- grains
- achene
- nuts
- schizocarp
- samara
10
Q
_____________: develop from a flower with a single pistil
A
Simple fleshy fruits
11
Q
Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp (pit)
A
drupes
12
Q
- Develops from a compound ovary.
- Contains more than one seed
A
berry
13
Q
- fruit with a thin skin and soft pericarp (e.g. tomato)
A
true berry
14
Q
berries
A
- pepos
- heperidium
15
Q
Thick skins/exocarps (Pumpkins)
A
pepos
16
Q
Fruits with leathery exocarps containing oil glands (e.g. Citrus
fruit)
A
hesperidium
17
Q
- not a true fruit
- Accessory fruit with thick hypanthium
- Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. (Apples)
A
pomes
18
Q
- Develop from a single flower with numerous pistils.
- _____ mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle
example: Raspberries, Strawberries
A
- Pistils
AGGREGATE FRUITS
19
Q
*Develop from many individual flowers in a single inflorescence.
*E.g. Pineapples, Figs, Maize
A
multiple fruits
20
Q
Splits along one side/seam
- with a tuft of fine hairs at one end
- when completely opened, the carpel resembles a leaf
- one seed-bearing carpel
A
follicle
21
Q
- Consists of one folded carpel
- Splits along two sides into 2 sections
- Each represents half the carpel.
- Some legume pods, such as carob and mesquite, are indehiscent and do not split open.
- bean pods
A
legume
22
Q
Splits along two sides with the seeds in a central position when the two halves separate
- Two carpels separated by a seed-bearing septum
A
silique
23
Q
Consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways
A
capsules
24
Q
- Single seed attached to pericarp
- Pericarp fused into husk
- Husk - Easily removed
- Eg: buckweed, sunflower seed
A
achene
25
* Single seed with hard pericarp/husk
* Cup or cluster of bracts form at base
* _________: only true nuts
* _______, ________, _______ = drupes
* _______ = seeds of capsules
- Hazel nuts
- Walnuts, cashews & pecan
- Brazil nuts
26
* One-seeded fruit/seed fused with seed coat (pericarp)
* Eg: wheat
grain
27
* Pericarp forms wings
* Fx: aids in seed dispersal
*Can be single or double
*Eg: Elm tree
_________: tree of heaven; single samara
_________: maple; double samara
samara
- ailanthus
- acer
28
* Whole seed separates to form 2 separate 1-seeded fruitlets
* E.g. Apiaceae/carrot family
schizocarp
29
classification of fruits
SIMPLE FRUITS
1. Fleshy fruits
- simple fruit (drupe)
- berries
- aggregate fruit
- multiple fruit
- pomes
2. Dry fruits
Dehiscent
- follicle
- capsule
- legume
- silique
Indehiscent
- grains
- achenes
- schizocarp
- samara
COMPOUND FRUITS
- aggregate fruits
- collective fruits
ACCESSORY OR FALSE FRUITS
30
● Develops from a single ovary
● The mesocarp are filled with sugars, starch and/or fats at maturity
● Type
○ A. _________
○ B. _________
- fleshy fruits
- dry fruits
SIMPLE FRUITS
31
● Soft and pulpy at maturity
● Examples
1. _______
- ________: grape, tomato
- ________: Cucumber, squash
- ________: citrus fruits
2. _______: Peach, cherry, plum
3. _______: Apple, pear
1. berry
- True berry
- pepo
- Hesperidium
2. drupe
3. pome
FLESHY FRUITS
32
● Dry, hard and papery at maturity
● Types
1. Dehiscent
- _______
- _______
- _______
- _______
2. Indehiscent
- _______
- _______
- _______
- _______
- _______
1.
- Capsule
- Legume
- Follicle
- silique
2.
- Achene
- Grain
- Nut
- schizocarp
- samara
DRY FRUITS
33
1. _____________
- Ex. Blackberry, strawberry
2. _____________
- Ex. Guyabano, jackfruit
- Aggregate fruits
- Collective fruits
COMPOUND FRUITS
34
Mature ovules found inside the mature ovary
TYPES
○ 1.
○ 2.
1. Gymnosperms
2. Angiosperms
SEEDS
35
SEED STRUCTURE
1. seed coat
2. Embryo
○ a. Cotyledon
○ b. Epicotyl
○ c. Plummule
○ d. Hypocotyl
○ e. Radicle
36
- develops from a fertilized egg (zygote)
- young sporophyte consisting of the epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle and cotyledons
EMBRYO
37
- portion above the points of attachment of cotyledons
- becomes the shoot system of the new plant as the seed germinates
epicotyl
38
- lowest part of the seed axis which becomes the primary root
radicle
39
- area between the epicotyl and the radicle which develops into the stem
hypocotyl
40
SEED STRUCTURE
1. coleoptile
2. coleorhiza
3. cotyledon
41
tubular protective sheath enclosing the epicotyl of grasses or the primary shoot of dicots
coleoptile
42
the protective sheath of the radicle in grasses
coleorhiza
43
- aka seed leaves
- digest and absorb food from the endosperm
- also function for storage
cotyledon
44
Plant Reproduction
a. pollination
b. fertilization
c. germination
45
- fully mature, independent plant with only 3 cells
adult male gametophyte
46
- plants that make seeds that DONT make flowers and fruits
- often package their seeds in cones
- naked seeds
- rely on wind to move pollen from male to female cones
- the ovule exudes sap to trap pollen
- pines, ferns, evergreens
gymnosperms
47
- plants that make seeds, flowers and fruits
- familiar flowering plants
- enclosed seeds
- package their embryos in the comples little food packet/travel module called a seed
- have formed many partnerships with animals to move their pollen
angiosperms
48
- have on cotyledon
- corn
monocots
49
- have two cotyledons
- bean and peanut
dicot
50
pollen is deposited to the stigma from the anther by wind or animal/insects
pollination
51
formation of a pollen tube which grows down through style to penetrate the ovary
- this is controlled by the tube cell nucleus
germination of the pollen grain
52
in some eudicots, the ________ (embryonic axis above the cotyledons) pushes up through the soil
epicotyl
53
in many monocots, the _______ remains in the seed coat and the ________ pushes up through the soil
- cotyledon
- coleoptile
54
conditions affecting germination
- moisture
- oxygen
- temperature
55
seeds must have abundant moisture to germinate
moisture
56
seeds must respire to germinate and must have oxygen for ________________
- lack of oxygen causes growth of ____________ which causes rotting
- aerobic respiration
- anaerobic bacteria
57
most seeds will not germinate if the temperature falls close to freezing or rises above ______
- most favorable temperatures are _______ degrees F
- 115 degrees F
- 70-85
58
- most seeds become dormant as they mature
- they will not germinate without the appropriate environmental stimuli
- _______ are species-specific and include ______, which may prevent germination in the wrong season
- stimuli; cold
SEED DORMANCY
59
- most seeds remain viable (possess the ability to sprout) for not more than 5-6 years
- some remain viable for only a few weeks; others for a hundred years
- dry, cool storage conditions favor prolonged viability
SEED VIABILITY
60
HOW SEEDS TRAVEL...
by the wind
- milkweed
- dandelion
- maple
61
HOW SEEDS TRAVEL...
by animals
- beggar-ticks
- sandbur
- blackberry
62
HOW SEEDS TRAVEL...
by water
- lotus
- cattail
- coconut
63
HOW SEEDS TRAVEL...
by bursting
- violet
- jewelweed
- witch hazel
64
HOW SEEDS TRAVEL...
by human
- bean
- wheat
- cherry
