The pericarp is differentiated in 3 layers: 1. _________: It is the outermost layer, which is also called “rind”. 2. _________: It is the middle layer. 3. _________: It forms the innermost layer.

- Epicarp - Mesocarp - Endocarp

- dehiscent (those that split at maturity) - indehiscent (those that don't split at maturity)

- simple fruit (drupe) - berry - aggregate fruit - multiple fruit - pomes (not true fruit)

fruits and seeds Flashcards by Anna Kaye Cirujano

Fertilized and ripened ovary
composed of both pericarp (fruit wall) and seed

fruit

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After ripening, the ovary wall change into

pericarp

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The pericarp is differentiated in 3 layers:

_________: It is the outermost layer, which is also called “rind”.
_________: It is the middle layer.
_________: It forms the innermost layer.

Epicarp
Mesocarp
Endocarp

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parts of a fruit

PERICARP
- epicarp (outer skin)
- mesocarp (fleshy, edible part)
- endocarp (inner stony wall)

SEED
- embryo (baby plant)
- endosperm (reserved food)
- seed coat

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matured & developed ovary and accessory parts that have developed and matured

*Normally contains seeds.

*All fruits develop from ____________ (therefore found exclusively in flowering plants)

fruit

flower ovaries

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fleshy fruit

berries
drupes
pomes

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dry

dehiscent (those that split at maturity)
indehiscent (those that don’t split at maturity)

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FLESHY FRUIT

simple fruit (drupe)
berry
aggregate fruit
multiple fruit
pomes (not true fruit)

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DRY FRUIT

DEHISCENT
- follicle
- capsule
- legume
- silique

INDEHISCENT
- grains
- achene
- nuts
- schizocarp
- samara

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_____________: develop from a flower with a single pistil

Simple fleshy fruits

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Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp (pit)

drupes

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Develops from a compound ovary.
Contains more than one seed

berry

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fruit with a thin skin and soft pericarp (e.g. tomato)

true berry

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berries

pepos
heperidium

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Thick skins/exocarps (Pumpkins)

pepos

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Fruits with leathery exocarps containing oil glands (e.g. Citrus
fruit)

hesperidium

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not a true fruit
Accessory fruit with thick hypanthium
Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. (Apples)

pomes

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Develop from a single flower with numerous pistils.
_____ mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle

example: Raspberries, Strawberries

Pistils

AGGREGATE FRUITS

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*Develop from many individual flowers in a single inflorescence.

*E.g. Pineapples, Figs, Maize

multiple fruits

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Splits along one side/seam

with a tuft of fine hairs at one end
when completely opened, the carpel resembles a leaf
one seed-bearing carpel

follicle

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Consists of one folded carpel
Splits along two sides into 2 sections
Each represents half the carpel.
Some legume pods, such as carob and mesquite, are indehiscent and do not split open.
bean pods

legume

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Splits along two sides with the seeds in a central position when the two halves separate

Two carpels separated by a seed-bearing septum

silique

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Consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways

capsules

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Single seed attached to pericarp
Pericarp fused into husk
Husk - Easily removed
Eg: buckweed, sunflower seed

achene

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* Single seed with hard pericarp/husk * Cup or cluster of bracts form at base * _________: only true nuts * _______, ________, _______ = drupes * _______ = seeds of capsules

- Hazel nuts - Walnuts, cashews & pecan - Brazil nuts

* One-seeded fruit/seed fused with seed coat (pericarp) * Eg: wheat

grain

* Pericarp forms wings * Fx: aids in seed dispersal *Can be single or double *Eg: Elm tree _________: tree of heaven; single samara _________: maple; double samara

samara - ailanthus - acer

* Whole seed separates to form 2 separate 1-seeded fruitlets * E.g. Apiaceae/carrot family

schizocarp

classification of fruits

SIMPLE FRUITS 1. Fleshy fruits - simple fruit (drupe) - berries - aggregate fruit - multiple fruit - pomes 2. Dry fruits Dehiscent - follicle - capsule - legume - silique Indehiscent - grains - achenes - schizocarp - samara COMPOUND FRUITS - aggregate fruits - collective fruits ACCESSORY OR FALSE FRUITS

● Develops from a single ovary ● The mesocarp are filled with sugars, starch and/or fats at maturity ● Type ○ A. _________ ○ B. _________

- fleshy fruits - dry fruits SIMPLE FRUITS

● Soft and pulpy at maturity ● Examples 1. _______ - ________: grape, tomato - ________: Cucumber, squash - ________: citrus fruits 2. _______: Peach, cherry, plum 3. _______: Apple, pear

1. berry - True berry - pepo - Hesperidium 2. drupe 3. pome FLESHY FRUITS

● Dry, hard and papery at maturity ● Types 1. Dehiscent - _______ - _______ - _______ - _______ 2. Indehiscent - _______ - _______ - _______ - _______ - _______

1. - Capsule - Legume - Follicle - silique 2. - Achene - Grain - Nut - schizocarp - samara DRY FRUITS

1. _____________ - Ex. Blackberry, strawberry 2. _____________ - Ex. Guyabano, jackfruit

- Aggregate fruits - Collective fruits COMPOUND FRUITS

Mature ovules found inside the mature ovary TYPES ○ 1. ○ 2.

1. Gymnosperms 2. Angiosperms SEEDS

SEED STRUCTURE

1. seed coat 2. Embryo ○ a. Cotyledon ○ b. Epicotyl ○ c. Plummule ○ d. Hypocotyl ○ e. Radicle

- develops from a fertilized egg (zygote) - young sporophyte consisting of the epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle and cotyledons

EMBRYO

- portion above the points of attachment of cotyledons - becomes the shoot system of the new plant as the seed germinates

epicotyl

- lowest part of the seed axis which becomes the primary root

radicle

- area between the epicotyl and the radicle which develops into the stem

hypocotyl

SEED STRUCTURE

1. coleoptile 2. coleorhiza 3. cotyledon

tubular protective sheath enclosing the epicotyl of grasses or the primary shoot of dicots

coleoptile

the protective sheath of the radicle in grasses

coleorhiza

- aka seed leaves - digest and absorb food from the endosperm - also function for storage

cotyledon

Plant Reproduction

a. pollination b. fertilization c. germination

- fully mature, independent plant with only 3 cells

adult male gametophyte

- plants that make seeds that DONT make flowers and fruits - often package their seeds in cones - naked seeds - rely on wind to move pollen from male to female cones - the ovule exudes sap to trap pollen - pines, ferns, evergreens

gymnosperms

- plants that make seeds, flowers and fruits - familiar flowering plants - enclosed seeds - package their embryos in the comples little food packet/travel module called a seed - have formed many partnerships with animals to move their pollen

angiosperms

- have on cotyledon - corn

monocots

- have two cotyledons - bean and peanut

dicot

pollen is deposited to the stigma from the anther by wind or animal/insects

pollination

formation of a pollen tube which grows down through style to penetrate the ovary - this is controlled by the tube cell nucleus

germination of the pollen grain

in some eudicots, the ________ (embryonic axis above the cotyledons) pushes up through the soil

epicotyl

in many monocots, the _______ remains in the seed coat and the ________ pushes up through the soil

- cotyledon - coleoptile

conditions affecting germination

- moisture - oxygen - temperature

seeds must have abundant moisture to germinate

moisture

seeds must respire to germinate and must have oxygen for ________________ - lack of oxygen causes growth of ____________ which causes rotting

- aerobic respiration - anaerobic bacteria

most seeds will not germinate if the temperature falls close to freezing or rises above ______ - most favorable temperatures are _______ degrees F

- 115 degrees F - 70-85

- most seeds become dormant as they mature - they will not germinate without the appropriate environmental stimuli - _______ are species-specific and include ______, which may prevent germination in the wrong season

- stimuli; cold SEED DORMANCY

- most seeds remain viable (possess the ability to sprout) for not more than 5-6 years - some remain viable for only a few weeks; others for a hundred years - dry, cool storage conditions favor prolonged viability

SEED VIABILITY

HOW SEEDS TRAVEL... by the wind

- milkweed - dandelion - maple

HOW SEEDS TRAVEL... by animals

- beggar-ticks - sandbur - blackberry

HOW SEEDS TRAVEL... by water

- lotus - cattail - coconut

HOW SEEDS TRAVEL... by bursting

- violet - jewelweed - witch hazel

HOW SEEDS TRAVEL... by human

- bean - wheat - cherry

fruits and seeds Flashcards

(64 cards)