fruits and seeds Flashcards
- Fertilized and ripened ovary
- composed of both pericarp (fruit wall) and seed
fruit
After ripening, the ovary wall change into
pericarp
The pericarp is differentiated in 3 layers:
- _________: It is the outermost layer, which is also called “rind”.
- _________: It is the middle layer.
- _________: It forms the innermost layer.
- Epicarp
- Mesocarp
- Endocarp
parts of a fruit
PERICARP
- epicarp (outer skin)
- mesocarp (fleshy, edible part)
- endocarp (inner stony wall)
SEED
- embryo (baby plant)
- endosperm (reserved food)
- seed coat
matured & developed ovary and accessory parts that have developed and matured
*Normally contains seeds.
*All fruits develop from ____________ (therefore found exclusively in flowering plants)
fruit
- flower ovaries
fleshy fruit
- berries
- drupes
- pomes
dry
- dehiscent (those that split at maturity)
- indehiscent (those that don’t split at maturity)
FLESHY FRUIT
- simple fruit (drupe)
- berry
- aggregate fruit
- multiple fruit
- pomes (not true fruit)
DRY FRUIT
DEHISCENT
- follicle
- capsule
- legume
- silique
INDEHISCENT
- grains
- achene
- nuts
- schizocarp
- samara
_____________: develop from a flower with a single pistil
Simple fleshy fruits
Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp (pit)
drupes
- Develops from a compound ovary.
- Contains more than one seed
berry
- fruit with a thin skin and soft pericarp (e.g. tomato)
true berry
berries
- pepos
- heperidium
Thick skins/exocarps (Pumpkins)
pepos
Fruits with leathery exocarps containing oil glands (e.g. Citrus
fruit)
hesperidium
- not a true fruit
- Accessory fruit with thick hypanthium
- Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. (Apples)
pomes
- Develop from a single flower with numerous pistils.
- _____ mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle
example: Raspberries, Strawberries
- Pistils
AGGREGATE FRUITS
*Develop from many individual flowers in a single inflorescence.
*E.g. Pineapples, Figs, Maize
multiple fruits
Splits along one side/seam
- with a tuft of fine hairs at one end
- when completely opened, the carpel resembles a leaf
- one seed-bearing carpel
follicle
- Consists of one folded carpel
- Splits along two sides into 2 sections
- Each represents half the carpel.
- Some legume pods, such as carob and mesquite, are indehiscent and do not split open.
- bean pods
legume
Splits along two sides with the seeds in a central position when the two halves separate
- Two carpels separated by a seed-bearing septum
silique
Consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways
capsules
- Single seed attached to pericarp
- Pericarp fused into husk
- Husk - Easily removed
- Eg: buckweed, sunflower seed
achene
- Single seed with hard pericarp/husk
- Cup or cluster of bracts form at base
- _________: only true nuts
- _______, ________, _______ = drupes
- _______ = seeds of capsules
- Hazel nuts
- Walnuts, cashews & pecan
- Brazil nuts
- One-seeded fruit/seed fused with seed coat (pericarp)
- Eg: wheat
grain
- Pericarp forms wings
- Fx: aids in seed dispersal
*Can be single or double
*Eg: Elm tree
_________: tree of heaven; single samara
_________: maple; double samara
samara
- ailanthus
- acer
- Whole seed separates to form 2 separate 1-seeded fruitlets
- E.g. Apiaceae/carrot family
schizocarp
classification of fruits
SIMPLE FRUITS
- Fleshy fruits
- simple fruit (drupe)
- berries
- aggregate fruit
- multiple fruit
- pomes - Dry fruits
Dehiscent
- follicle
- capsule
- legume
- silique
Indehiscent
- grains
- achenes
- schizocarp
- samara
COMPOUND FRUITS
- aggregate fruits
- collective fruits
ACCESSORY OR FALSE FRUITS
● Develops from a single ovary
● The mesocarp are filled with sugars, starch and/or fats at maturity
● Type
○ A. _________
○ B. _________
- fleshy fruits
- dry fruits
SIMPLE FRUITS
● Soft and pulpy at maturity
● Examples
1. _______
- ________: grape, tomato
- ________: Cucumber, squash
- ________: citrus fruits
- _______: Peach, cherry, plum
- _______: Apple, pear
- berry
- True berry
- pepo
- Hesperidium - drupe
- pome
FLESHY FRUITS
● Dry, hard and papery at maturity
● Types
- Dehiscent
- _______
- _______
- _______
- _______ - Indehiscent
- _______
- _______
- _______
- _______
- _______
- Capsule
- Legume
- Follicle
- silique
2.
- Achene
- Grain
- Nut
- schizocarp
- samara
DRY FRUITS
- _____________
- Ex. Blackberry, strawberry - _____________
- Ex. Guyabano, jackfruit
- Aggregate fruits
- Collective fruits
COMPOUND FRUITS
Mature ovules found inside the mature ovary
TYPES
○ 1.
○ 2.
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms
SEEDS
SEED STRUCTURE
- seed coat
- Embryo
○ a. Cotyledon
○ b. Epicotyl
○ c. Plummule
○ d. Hypocotyl
○ e. Radicle
- develops from a fertilized egg (zygote)
- young sporophyte consisting of the epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle and cotyledons
EMBRYO
- portion above the points of attachment of cotyledons
- becomes the shoot system of the new plant as the seed germinates
epicotyl
- lowest part of the seed axis which becomes the primary root
radicle
- area between the epicotyl and the radicle which develops into the stem
hypocotyl
SEED STRUCTURE
- coleoptile
- coleorhiza
- cotyledon
tubular protective sheath enclosing the epicotyl of grasses or the primary shoot of dicots
coleoptile
the protective sheath of the radicle in grasses
coleorhiza
- aka seed leaves
- digest and absorb food from the endosperm
- also function for storage
cotyledon
Plant Reproduction
a. pollination
b. fertilization
c. germination
- fully mature, independent plant with only 3 cells
adult male gametophyte
- plants that make seeds that DONT make flowers and fruits
- often package their seeds in cones
- naked seeds
- rely on wind to move pollen from male to female cones
- the ovule exudes sap to trap pollen
- pines, ferns, evergreens
gymnosperms
- plants that make seeds, flowers and fruits
- familiar flowering plants
- enclosed seeds
- package their embryos in the comples little food packet/travel module called a seed
- have formed many partnerships with animals to move their pollen
angiosperms
- have on cotyledon
- corn
monocots
- have two cotyledons
- bean and peanut
dicot
pollen is deposited to the stigma from the anther by wind or animal/insects
pollination
formation of a pollen tube which grows down through style to penetrate the ovary
- this is controlled by the tube cell nucleus
germination of the pollen grain
in some eudicots, the ________ (embryonic axis above the cotyledons) pushes up through the soil
epicotyl
in many monocots, the _______ remains in the seed coat and the ________ pushes up through the soil
- cotyledon
- coleoptile
conditions affecting germination
- moisture
- oxygen
- temperature
seeds must have abundant moisture to germinate
moisture
seeds must respire to germinate and must have oxygen for ________________
- lack of oxygen causes growth of ____________ which causes rotting
- aerobic respiration
- anaerobic bacteria
most seeds will not germinate if the temperature falls close to freezing or rises above ______
- most favorable temperatures are _______ degrees F
- 115 degrees F
- 70-85
- most seeds become dormant as they mature
- they will not germinate without the appropriate environmental stimuli
- _______ are species-specific and include ______, which may prevent germination in the wrong season
- stimuli; cold
SEED DORMANCY
- most seeds remain viable (possess the ability to sprout) for not more than 5-6 years
- some remain viable for only a few weeks; others for a hundred years
- dry, cool storage conditions favor prolonged viability
SEED VIABILITY
HOW SEEDS TRAVEL…
by the wind
- milkweed
- dandelion
- maple
HOW SEEDS TRAVEL…
by animals
- beggar-ticks
- sandbur
- blackberry
HOW SEEDS TRAVEL…
by water
- lotus
- cattail
- coconut
HOW SEEDS TRAVEL…
by bursting
- violet
- jewelweed
- witch hazel
HOW SEEDS TRAVEL…
by human
- bean
- wheat
- cherry
