Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(SLU) PHARMA 112: BOTANY LEC > fruits and seeds > Flashcards

fruits and seeds Flashcards

1
Q
  • Fertilized and ripened ovary
  • composed of both pericarp (fruit wall) and seed
A

fruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

After ripening, the ovary wall change into

A

pericarp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The pericarp is differentiated in 3 layers:

  1. _________: It is the outermost layer, which is also called “rind”.
  2. _________: It is the middle layer.
  3. _________: It forms the innermost layer.
A
  • Epicarp
  • Mesocarp
  • Endocarp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

parts of a fruit

A

PERICARP
- epicarp (outer skin)
- mesocarp (fleshy, edible part)
- endocarp (inner stony wall)

SEED
- embryo (baby plant)
- endosperm (reserved food)
- seed coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

matured & developed ovary and accessory parts that have developed and matured

*Normally contains seeds.

*All fruits develop from ____________ (therefore found exclusively in flowering plants)

A

fruit

  • flower ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fleshy fruit

A
  • berries
  • drupes
  • pomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

dry

A
  • dehiscent (those that split at maturity)
  • indehiscent (those that don’t split at maturity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

FLESHY FRUIT

A
  • simple fruit (drupe)
  • berry
  • aggregate fruit
  • multiple fruit
  • pomes (not true fruit)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

DRY FRUIT

A

DEHISCENT
- follicle
- capsule
- legume
- silique

INDEHISCENT
- grains
- achene
- nuts
- schizocarp
- samara

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_____________: develop from a flower with a single pistil

A

Simple fleshy fruits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp (pit)

A

drupes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • Develops from a compound ovary.
  • Contains more than one seed
A

berry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • fruit with a thin skin and soft pericarp (e.g. tomato)
A

true berry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

berries

A
  • pepos
  • heperidium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thick skins/exocarps (Pumpkins)

A

pepos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fruits with leathery exocarps containing oil glands (e.g. Citrus
fruit)

A

hesperidium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • not a true fruit
  • Accessory fruit with thick hypanthium
  • Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. (Apples)
A

pomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • Develop from a single flower with numerous pistils.
  • _____ mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle

example: Raspberries, Strawberries

A
  • Pistils

AGGREGATE FRUITS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

*Develop from many individual flowers in a single inflorescence.

*E.g. Pineapples, Figs, Maize

A

multiple fruits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Splits along one side/seam

  • with a tuft of fine hairs at one end
  • when completely opened, the carpel resembles a leaf
  • one seed-bearing carpel
A

follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • Consists of one folded carpel
  • Splits along two sides into 2 sections
  • Each represents half the carpel.
  • Some legume pods, such as carob and mesquite, are indehiscent and do not split open.
  • bean pods
A

legume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Splits along two sides with the seeds in a central position when the two halves separate

  • Two carpels separated by a seed-bearing septum
A

silique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways

A

capsules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • Single seed attached to pericarp
  • Pericarp fused into husk
  • Husk - Easily removed
  • Eg: buckweed, sunflower seed
A

achene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • Single seed with hard pericarp/husk
  • Cup or cluster of bracts form at base
  • _________: only true nuts
  • _______, ________, _______ = drupes
  • _______ = seeds of capsules
A
  • Hazel nuts
  • Walnuts, cashews & pecan
  • Brazil nuts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • One-seeded fruit/seed fused with seed coat (pericarp)
  • Eg: wheat
A

grain

27
Q
  • Pericarp forms wings
  • Fx: aids in seed dispersal

*Can be single or double

*Eg: Elm tree

_________: tree of heaven; single samara

_________: maple; double samara

A

samara

  • ailanthus
  • acer
28
Q
  • Whole seed separates to form 2 separate 1-seeded fruitlets
  • E.g. Apiaceae/carrot family
A

schizocarp

29
Q

classification of fruits

A

SIMPLE FRUITS

  1. Fleshy fruits
    - simple fruit (drupe)
    - berries
    - aggregate fruit
    - multiple fruit
    - pomes
  2. Dry fruits
    Dehiscent
    - follicle
    - capsule
    - legume
    - silique

Indehiscent
- grains
- achenes
- schizocarp
- samara

COMPOUND FRUITS
- aggregate fruits
- collective fruits

ACCESSORY OR FALSE FRUITS

30
Q

● Develops from a single ovary

● The mesocarp are filled with sugars, starch and/or fats at maturity

● Type
○ A. _________
○ B. _________

A
  • fleshy fruits
  • dry fruits

SIMPLE FRUITS

31
Q

● Soft and pulpy at maturity

● Examples
1. _______
- ________: grape, tomato
- ________: Cucumber, squash
- ________: citrus fruits

  1. _______: Peach, cherry, plum
  2. _______: Apple, pear
A
  1. berry
    - True berry
    - pepo
    - Hesperidium
  2. drupe
  3. pome

FLESHY FRUITS

32
Q

● Dry, hard and papery at maturity

● Types

  1. Dehiscent
    - _______
    - _______
    - _______
    - _______
  2. Indehiscent
    - _______
    - _______
    - _______
    - _______
    - _______
A
    • Capsule
    • Legume
    • Follicle
    • silique

2.
- Achene
- Grain
- Nut
- schizocarp
- samara

DRY FRUITS

33
Q
  1. _____________
    - Ex. Blackberry, strawberry
  2. _____________
    - Ex. Guyabano, jackfruit
A
  • Aggregate fruits
  • Collective fruits

COMPOUND FRUITS

34
Q

Mature ovules found inside the mature ovary

TYPES
○ 1.
○ 2.

A
  1. Gymnosperms
  2. Angiosperms

SEEDS

35
Q

SEED STRUCTURE

A
  1. seed coat
  2. Embryo
    ○ a. Cotyledon
    ○ b. Epicotyl
    ○ c. Plummule
    ○ d. Hypocotyl
    ○ e. Radicle
36
Q
  • develops from a fertilized egg (zygote)
  • young sporophyte consisting of the epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle and cotyledons
A

EMBRYO

37
Q
  • portion above the points of attachment of cotyledons
  • becomes the shoot system of the new plant as the seed germinates
A

epicotyl

38
Q
  • lowest part of the seed axis which becomes the primary root
A

radicle

39
Q
  • area between the epicotyl and the radicle which develops into the stem
A

hypocotyl

40
Q

SEED STRUCTURE

A
  1. coleoptile
  2. coleorhiza
  3. cotyledon
41
Q

tubular protective sheath enclosing the epicotyl of grasses or the primary shoot of dicots

A

coleoptile

42
Q

the protective sheath of the radicle in grasses

A

coleorhiza

43
Q
  • aka seed leaves
  • digest and absorb food from the endosperm
  • also function for storage
A

cotyledon

44
Q

Plant Reproduction

A

a. pollination
b. fertilization
c. germination

45
Q
  • fully mature, independent plant with only 3 cells
A

adult male gametophyte

46
Q
  • plants that make seeds that DONT make flowers and fruits
  • often package their seeds in cones
  • naked seeds
  • rely on wind to move pollen from male to female cones
  • the ovule exudes sap to trap pollen
  • pines, ferns, evergreens
A

gymnosperms

47
Q
  • plants that make seeds, flowers and fruits
  • familiar flowering plants
  • enclosed seeds
  • package their embryos in the comples little food packet/travel module called a seed
  • have formed many partnerships with animals to move their pollen
A

angiosperms

48
Q
  • have on cotyledon
  • corn
A

monocots

49
Q
  • have two cotyledons
  • bean and peanut
A

dicot

50
Q

pollen is deposited to the stigma from the anther by wind or animal/insects

A

pollination

51
Q

formation of a pollen tube which grows down through style to penetrate the ovary

  • this is controlled by the tube cell nucleus
A

germination of the pollen grain

52
Q

in some eudicots, the ________ (embryonic axis above the cotyledons) pushes up through the soil

A

epicotyl

53
Q

in many monocots, the _______ remains in the seed coat and the ________ pushes up through the soil

A
  • cotyledon
  • coleoptile
54
Q

conditions affecting germination

A
  • moisture
  • oxygen
  • temperature
55
Q

seeds must have abundant moisture to germinate

A

moisture

56
Q

seeds must respire to germinate and must have oxygen for ________________

  • lack of oxygen causes growth of ____________ which causes rotting
A
  • aerobic respiration
  • anaerobic bacteria
57
Q

most seeds will not germinate if the temperature falls close to freezing or rises above ______

  • most favorable temperatures are _______ degrees F
A
  • 115 degrees F
  • 70-85
58
Q
  • most seeds become dormant as they mature
  • they will not germinate without the appropriate environmental stimuli
  • _______ are species-specific and include ______, which may prevent germination in the wrong season
A
  • stimuli; cold

SEED DORMANCY

59
Q
  • most seeds remain viable (possess the ability to sprout) for not more than 5-6 years
  • some remain viable for only a few weeks; others for a hundred years
  • dry, cool storage conditions favor prolonged viability
A

SEED VIABILITY

60
Q

HOW SEEDS TRAVEL…

by the wind

A
  • milkweed
  • dandelion
  • maple
61
Q

HOW SEEDS TRAVEL…

by animals

A
  • beggar-ticks
  • sandbur
  • blackberry
62
Q

HOW SEEDS TRAVEL…

by water

A
  • lotus
  • cattail
  • coconut
63
Q

HOW SEEDS TRAVEL…

by bursting

A
  • violet
  • jewelweed
  • witch hazel
64
Q

HOW SEEDS TRAVEL…

by human

A
  • bean
  • wheat
  • cherry

(SLU) PHARMA 112: BOTANY LEC (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions