Unit 2 - Cells Flashcards
- Composed of a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
- Either a true solid or a true liquid:
- Heavier and denser than water
CHEMICAL PROPERTRY
- inorganic compound components: organic compound components
protoplasm
cell types
prokaryote
eukaryote
- They don’t have a membrane-bound nucleus and instead of having chromosomal DNA, their genetic information is in a circular loop called a ________.
- DNA in a prokaryotic cell is not separated from the rest of the cell but coiled up in a region called the _________
- Greek “____” - before and “_____” - nut
prokaryote
plasmid
nucleoid
pro
karyon
- serve as decomposers, agents of fermentation, and play an important role in our own digestive system
- involved in many nutrient cycles such as the ___________, which restores nitrate into the soil for plants.
- reproduce through a process called _________
- most cellular respiration occur in the _________ and/or within the cell membrane.
bacteria
nitrogen cycle
binary fission
cytoplasm
- Greek meaning truly nuclear
- an be easily distinguished through a membrane-bound nucleus. The nucleus, which houses DNA, is contained within a membrane and separated from other cellular structures
- Contain many internal membrane-bound structures called ___________
- These organelles such as the ____________ or __________ serve to perform metabolic functions and energy conversion.
- Other organelles like ______________ provide structural support and cellular motility.
eukaryote
organelles
mitochondrion, chloroplast
intracellular filaments
- Eukaryotes grow and reproduce through a process called ________
- In organisms that also reproduce sexually, the reproductive cells are produced by a type of cell division called ________
mitosis
meiosis
- Most prokaryotes reproduce through a process called ________
- During this, the single DNA molecule replicates and the original cell is divided into two
identical daughter cells. - Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms get the energy they need to grow and maintain normal cellular function
through _______________
binary fission
cellular respiration
three main stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis
citric acid cycle
electron transport
- In eukaryotes, most cellular respiration reactions take place within the
- In prokaryotes, they occur
in the _________ and/or within the cell membrane.
mitochondria
cytoplasm
life kingdoms
- monera
- protista
- fungi
- plantae
- animalia
- A thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell
- Function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into
- serves as a base of attachment for the cytoskeleton in some organisms and the cell wall in others.
- Structure is primarily composed of a mix of ________ and _________.
cell membrane
proteins and lipids
- _________________ are a major component of cell membranes.
- They form a lipid bilayer in
which their hydrophillic (attracted to water) head areas spontaneously arrange to face the aqueous cytosol and the extracellular fluid, while their hydrophobic (repelled by water) tail areas face away from the cytosol and extracellular fluid.
The lipid bilayer is semi-permeable,
allowing only certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane
phospholipids
- ____________ is another lipid component of cell membranes.
It helps to stiffen cell
membranes and is not found in the membranes of plant cells. - ____________ are located on cell membrane surfaces and have a carbohydrate sugar chain attached to them.
They help the cell to recognize other cells of the body.
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
3 kinds of cell membrane
ectoplasm
vacuolar membrane
nuclear membrane
outer plasma membrane found as a transparent, colorless, outer bounding film of cytoplasm enveloping the granular, inner cytoplasm which is termed as the _______________.
ectoplasm
endoplasm
clear bounding films of cytoplasm surrounding sap vacuoles
vacuolar membrane
a clear, transparent film of protoplasm forming the outer bounding zone of nucleus.
nuclear membrane
cell membrane proteins
structural proteins
receptor proteins
transport proteins
glycoproteins
help give the cell support and shape.
structural protein
help cells communicate with their external environment through the use of hormones, neurotransmitters and other signaling molecules.
receptor protein
such as globular proteins, transport molecules across cell membranes through facilitated diffusion.
transport proteins
have a carbohydrate chain attached to them. They are embedded in the cell membrane and help in cell-to-cell communications and molecule transport across the membrane.
glycoproteins
embedded in the cytoplasm which are non-protoplasmic
inclusions
Clear in color and has a gel-like appearance.
composed mainly of water and also contains enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules.
move materials around the cell and also dissolves cellular waste.
cytoplasm
cell’s power producers
convert energy into forms that are usable
Sites of cellular respiration which ultimately generates fuel for the cell’s activities
mitochondria
chondriosomes
Responsible for protein production via translation
composed of two subunits: a large subunit and a small subunit
subunits are synthesized by the nucleolus.
ribosomes
Synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids
Network of tubules and flattened sacs that serve a variety of functions
endoplasmic reticulum
- has ribosomes attached to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane
- Manufactures membranes and secretory proteins
ROUGH ER
- lacks attached ribosomes
- Functions for carbohydrate and lipid synthesis
SMOOTH ER
composed of flat sacs known as ________
sacs are stacked in a bent, semicircular shape.
Each stacked grouping has a membrane that separates its insides from the cell’s cytoplasm
________________: responsible for its unique shape.
These interactions generate the force that shapes this organelle
golgi complex/apparatus
cisternae
Golgi membrane protein interactions
site of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted to chemical energy, resulting in the production of oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds
chloroplast
hydrostatic pressure
most prominent of the inclusions which are spaces within the cytoplasm
vacuole
“superintendent of the cell”
commonly the most prominent organelle in the cell which controls cell growth and reproduction
bounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope
o separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
nucleus
- The nucleus is bounded by a double membrane called the __________________.
- This membrane separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
- A denser, definitely circumscribed region of protoplasm containing nucleoplasm which consists of gels of varying consistency containing __________, a substance staining heavily with certain basic dyes, adhering in the form of granules to a network of ______.
nuclear envelope
chromatin
linin
under nucleus
nuclear sap
chromatin
nucleolus
nucleopore
- Consisting of watery solution of nourishing substances; also found in the nucleus.
nuclear sap
substance which carries those characters or factors from parent to offspring which determine that the offspring shall resemble its parent or parents and past ancestors.
chromatin
- a small body of dense protoplasm within the nucleus. Sometimes two or more nucleoli may occur within a nucleus.
- believed to represent reserve food which is employed in the metabolic processes of the nucleus.
- contains nucleolar organizers which are parts of chromosomes with the genes for ribosome synthesis on them
- controls the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm through the use of messenger RNA.
- ______________ is produced in the nucleolus of the cell and travels to the cytoplasm through the pores of the nuclear envelope
nucleolus
Messenger RNA
- tiny hole within the nuclear membrane that allows nucleic acids and proteins to move into and out of the nucleus
nucleopore
also located in the nucleus that house cellular DNA
- are long, stringy aggregates of genes that carry heredity information.
When a cell is “resting” (not dividing), the chromosomes are organized into long entangled structures called __________
chromosomes
chromatin
o combination of the DNA and its associated proteins in the nucleus.
o It gets condensed into chromosomes during mitosis. After DNA replication, your chromosomes have two chromatids.
o A chromosome that looks like the typical “X” has two chromatids. In late anaphase, the chromatids have been pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
o Each half of the cell now has a set of chromosomes that are made of one chromatid each.
chromatin
may become modified and specialized for definite functions depending upon the position of the cells containing them in the plant and the external conditions to which the cells are exposed.
plastids
large plastids observe in lower plants like Spirogyra
chromatophores
minute plastids usually found in the meristem cells of root and stem tips of plants
primordia or proplastids
modifications of plastids
leucoplastids
elaioplastids
chloroplastids
chromoplastids
protein plastids
LECCP
- are colorless plastids found in the underground portions of a plant and also in seeds and other regions given up to the storage of starch.
ex. build up reserve foods like reserve starch from sugar (glucose) and other carbohydrates.
____________: when leucoplastids build up and store starch.
leucoplastids
Amylyplastids
plastids which form oil, e.g. olive fruit.
elaioplastids
- plastids found in cells exposed to light and contain the green pigments chlorophyll-α and chlorophyll-β, together with two yellow pigments known as carotene and xanthophyll.
chloroplastids
- plastids found in cells independent of their relation to light and darkness, and contain a yellow, orange, or red pigment called ____________.
- responsible for the yellow and orange colors of many petals and sepals of flowers and of ripened fruits.
chromoplastids
chromophyll
are found in the aleurone cells of many seeds as more or less globular bodies which build up the ____________.
protein plastids
aleurone grains
- the protoplasts of adjacent cells in many plant organs, especially those possessing thick cell walls, are connected by delicate threads of cytoplasm which pass through tiny holes (pits) in the walls between the cells.
- These protoplasmic connections are called ____________________
Plasmodesmata
PROTOPLASM AND ITS PROPERTIES
protoplasm
colloids
crystalloids
- or living matter, is the viscous colloidal cell substance in which life resides.
- also called _________________
- appears as a colorless jelly in which are frequently embedded globules and granules of various shapes and sizes, or as a streaming liquid.
-It occurs as a ____ (liquid that flows readily), and as a ___ (jelly-like mass).
- the only living part of the cell composed of a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds - it is the only part of an organism that is truly alive
protoplasm
polyphase colloidal system
sol, gel
- chemical system composed of two or more associated compounds. One of these chemical compounds is
very finely divided and scattered through the other in such a manner that the particles are indefinitely dispersed. - _______: particles
- _______: medium where the particles are dispersed.
colloid
dispersed phase
continuous phase
semipermeable membrane where salt and sugar may pass, these substances may crystallize from a solution upon evaporation of the solvent.
crystalloids
PROPERTIES OF PROTOPLASM
structure
metabolism
irritability
invariably exhibits structure, however small, has been found to be homogeneous.
structure
- chemical changes which continually go on within it.
- According to Huxley, it is a whirlpool character of an organism. It may also be defined as the total series of chemical processes concerned with the building up breaking down of living matter.
____________: building up (absorption, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, fat synthesis, and assimilation.
____________: breaking down (respiration, digestion, excretion, and secretion.
metabolism
anabolism
catabolism (katabolism)
- response to stimulus. “No response means dead.”
____________: inherited stimuli, carried in the chromosomes from parents to offspring.
____________: initiate, accelerate, or modify the effects of intrinsic stimuli. They comprise agents of the external world or environment such as cold, heat, chemicals, food, water, light, oxygen, electricity, etc.
_______, _______, _______
irritability
intrinsic stimuli
extrinsic stimuli
*tropisms, taxies, or nasties
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of protoplasm
- Either a true solid nor a true liquid but is composed of both solid and liquid components
- Largely colloidal and consists of a liquid and dispersed phase
- Grayish, granular, translucent, viscous fluid capable of flowing
- Heavier and denser than water
- Has properties of a colloidal system
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of protoplasm
- The basic chemical components which make up the protoplasm is almost the same in almost all cells but they vary in proportion
- Composed of inorganic compounds such as water, minerals, mineral salts, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
- Composed of organic compounds such as carbohydrates, fats or lipids, proteins, regulatory substances
- response of non-motile plants and is usually applied to growth movements
__________: response towards the direction of the source.
__________: response away from the source of the stimuli.
tropism
positive
negative
responses of motile plants and plant cells, as gametes and zoospores, which involve locomotion.
taxy
responses of non-motile plants induces by stimuli in which the direction of movement is independent of the direction from which the stimulus is applied, as, for example, movements brought about by some flowers as a result of succession of night and day (__________).
nasty
nyctinasty
response of living substance to the stimulus of temperature.
thermotropism
- chemical stimulation
________: substance that possess the property of producing deleterious effect upon protoplasm.
________: poisons that may do immediate destructive combination with living substance. It may liquefy the protoplasm like the alkali, or coagulate it as the acids or salts of metals.
________: has an exciting or depressing effect which may eventually prove destructive without visible structural change.
chemotropism (chemotaxy)
poisons
caustic
toxins
- reaction of living matter to the influence of food.
________: when response is by motile organisms or motile cells.
silotropism
silotaxy
response to the stimulating influence of oxygen.
oxytropism
response of protoplasm to the stimulus of water.
hydrotropism
response made by roots and slime molds to currents of water.
rheotropism
response of protoplasm to light of any source.
phototropism
- response of protoplasm top the stimulus of gravity.
e.g. Roots of Pteridophytes and seed plants invariably grow downward toward the center of gravity.
_________: branches of stems that assume a relation parallel to the earth’s surface.
_________: horizontal curvatures, e.g. Lima bean, Sarsaparilla, Poison Ivy.
geotroprism
diageotropic
lateral geotropism
reaction of protoplasm to electric stimulus.
galvanotropism
response to mechanical stimulation. E.g. Mimosa (Sensitive Plants), Oxalis, Drosera (Sundew), Desmodium, Dionae muscipula or the Venus fly trap.
thigmotropism
- ability of protoplasm to detached portions which retain the infinitely complex peculiarities and properties of the original.
______________ – detached portions which unite to form a cell called a zygote.
Other physiologic characteristics of protoplasm: ________ and ____________
reproduction
Sexual Cells (Gametes)
motility and conductivity
PROTOPLASMIC MOVEMENT
- ameboid movement
- ciliary movement
- cytoplasmic rotation
- cytoplasmic circulation or streaming
creeping or flowing movement such as is typical of the plasmodium or vegetative body of slime molds and of the animal Amoeba.
ameboid movement
can be observed in the motile bacteria and in the sex cells of the lower and some of the higher plants which possess slender protoplasmic outgrowths called cilia which lash the water.
ciliary movement
well illustrated in _______ and ________, two common aquarium plants. In rotation, the protoplasm moves down one side of the cell, then across the end, and returns along the other side and end.
cytoplasmic rotation
Elodea and Nitella
- may be seen the cells of the stamen hairs of the Spiderwort, in some epidermal cells of the onion, and in the epidermal cells of the squash.
- Here the cytoplasm will be seen in several strands traversing the cell cavity as well as lining the inner face of the cell wall.
- The cytoplasm moves to and from the nucleus and cell wall and may, after streaming in one direction for a while, reverse itself.
cytoplasmic circulation or streaming
__________ is the power possessed by an organism of giving new rise to individuals.
____________: union of cells or their protoplasmic contents takes place the process
____________: mere separation of a cell or cells from an individual which later form a new organism.
reproduction
sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction
asexual reproduction types
binary fission
gemmation or budding
free cell formation (internal cell division)
rejuvenescence or zoospore formation
vegetative multiplication
- separation of a cell into two equal halves, each of which may grow to the size of the original parent cell from which it was derived.
Two main division:
a. A division of cell by mean of a cell plate.
b. A division by constriction.
fission
- the cell forms a protuberance called a ____.
- Which increases in size until it equals the size of the cell which formed it and then becomes detached, although frequently not until it has developed other buds.
gemmation or budding
bud
- consists of cutting out of cells within the common cytoplasm of a cell by the activity of spindle fibers attached to the nuclei.
free cell formation (internal cell division)
the protoplasm of the cell becomes rounded out, escapes by rupture of the cell wall, forms cilia, and moves about as a zoospore.
Later it looses its cilia, develops a cell wall, and passes into a resting condition
rejuvenescence or zoospore formation
- giving off multicellular portions or vegetative outgrowths of the parent plant, such as bulbs, tubers, and runners which become detached and develop into a new plant.
vegetative multiplication
sexual reproduction types
conjugation
fertilization
__________: or their nuclei come together and their protoplasm blends to form a new cell.
__________: common method seen in higher plants.
__________: union of two gametes, alike in physical character, the product being the zygote and zygospore.
__________: union of two unlike gametes or their nuclei, the product being an oospore (zygote).
- one gamete, the male sexual cell., is smaller and active, while the other, the female cell, is larger and passive.
gametes
fertilization
conjugation
fertilization
cell division types
direct nuclear division
indirect nuclear division (mitosis or karyokinesis)
- occurs in older cells which have lost the power of growth, and in cancer cells.
- in this method, the nucleus is directly constricted to form two or more daughter nuclei which may be of unequal size.
- cells dividing of this method are not capable of giving rise to organs or organisms.
direct nuclear division
- general method of division seen in the formation of tissues of higher plants.
indirect nuclear division (mitosis or karyokinesis)
Number of Chromosomes
___________: the number of chromosomes is constant and is called diploid or species number and is expressed as 2x.
___________: called haploid number and expressed as x.
body or somatic cells
germ cells
cell walls (4)
lignin
cutin and suberin
gummosis
chitin
gives firmness and rigidity to the cell without affecting its permeability, as in stone cells and sclerenchyma fibers.
e.g. wood.
lignin
both of which render the cells impervious to water and gases.
*Epidermal cells are cutinized while cork cells are suberized.
cutin and suberin
transformation of the walls of cellulose and pectose to a mucilage, e.g. acacia and tragacanth
gummosis
found in the walls of bacteria and other fungi, and some algae.
chitin
- the process by which aparentcelldivides into two or moredaughter cells. Cell division is usually a small segment of a largercell cycle.
- __________ is the process where one cell splits off from its sister cell. It usually occurs after cell division.
- __________ is the sequence of growth, replication and
tissue repair that all cells go through.
cell division
cytokinesis
cell cycle
basic unit of heredity; codes for a specific trait
gene
the total hereditary endowment of DNA of a cell or organism
genome
all body cells except reproductive cells
somatic cell
reproductive cells (i.e. sperm & eggs)
gamete
elongate cellular structure composed of DNA and protein
chromosome
cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by two homologous chromosomes
diploid (2n)
cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by only one chromosome
haploid (n)
chromosome of the same size and shape which carry the same type of genes
homologous chromosome
one of two duplicated chromosomes connected at the centromere
chromatid
region of chromosome where microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis
centromere
- Process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei
- It is generally followed immediately bycytokinesis, which divides the nuclei,cytoplasm,organellesandcell membraneinto two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components
mitosis
___________ and __________ together define the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell. This accounts for approximately 10% of the cell cycle.
Mitosis and cytokinesis
4 stages of mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
- Construction of the _____________ or ___________ .
- Transverse segmentation of spireme into chromosomes and their longitudinal splitting into double chromosomes.
- Disappearance of nucleolus or nucleoli.
- Formation of the cytoplasmic caps and spindle.
- Disappearance of nuclear membrane.
PROPHASE
chromatic thread or spireme
- arrangement of the double chromosomes at the equatorial plate with their daughter halves drawn apart in V-shaped fashion.
- Attachment of spindle fibers from poles of spindles to the halves of the chromosomes.
metaphase
- Separation of the daughter halves of each double chromosome.
- Movement of one half of each double chromosome to each of the poles of the spindle.
- Formation of two dense knots or masses of daughter chromosomes, one at each pole.
anaphase
- Expansion of the masses of daughter chromosomes at the poles, their reconversion into a reticulum, and the complete organization of the daughter nuclei.
- Appearance of one or more nucleoli in each daughter nucleus.
- Formation of the phragmoplast at the equatorial plate and its subsequent separation by droplet particles.
- Coalescence of the droplet particles to form a fluid cell plate.
- Extension of the cell plate to the margin of the mother cell wall, and the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells.
- Transformation of the fluid cell plate into the middle lamella by the deposition of pectose and cellulose.
telophase
- A special type of cell division necessary forsexual reproductionineukaryotes
- Cells produced by meiosis aregametesorspores
- the process whereby the diploid number becomes haploid.
meiosis or maturation
