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(SLU) PHARMA 112: BOTANY LEC > Unit 2 (Part 1) - Building Blocks of Life > Flashcards

Unit 2 (Part 1) - Building Blocks of Life Flashcards

1
Q

first to make a compound microscope

A

Hans & Zacharias Janssen
(1595)

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2
Q
  • discovered the cell using a cork slice
  • Father of Cytology
  • theory of planetary motion
  • theory of elasticity
A

Robert Hooke
(1665)

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3
Q
  • described cells in a drop of pond water using a microscope
  • Red blood cells, Sperm cells
A

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
(1670)

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4
Q

discovered nucleus in plant cells

A

Robert Brown
(1831)

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5
Q

the cell is thebasic building block of all plant matter

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden
(1838)

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6
Q
  • same conclusion as Schleidenabout animal tissue
  • founder of modern histology
  • cell theory
A

Theodor Schwann
(1839)

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7
Q

explain cell theory

A
  1. Cells are organismsand all organisms consist of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure for allorganisms and that plants and animals consist of combinations of these organisms which are arranged in accordance with definite rules.
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8
Q
  • protoplasm had been observed (though not so called) for the first time in the cells of some plants by _______ as early as _____, and later by ___________, and in the cells of small animals by _______ in _____.
  • _________ describes it as a jelly-like substance, “the primary animal substance,” and called it _______.
A

Corti, 1772

Treviranus

Dujardin, 1835

Dujardin, sarcode

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9
Q
  • coined the term protoplasm as the living matter of the cell.
A

Hugo von Mohl
(1851)

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10
Q

demonstrate that the cell theory applies to diseased tissue as well as to healthy tissue-that is, that diseased cells derive from the healthy cells of normal tissue.

A

Rudolf Virchow
(1855)

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11
Q

breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases

A

Louis Pasteur

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12
Q

named the cell contents as protoplasm

A

Purkinje

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13
Q

building blocks of life

A
  1. inorganic elements
    - common elements
    - macronutrients
    - micronutrients
  2. water
  3. organic molecules
    - carbohydrates
    - proteins
    - nucleic acids
    - lipids
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14
Q

inorganic elements commonly found in plants

A

hydrogen
carbon
oxygen

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15
Q

component of water

A

hydrogen

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16
Q

backbone of all organic molecules

A

carbon

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17
Q

component of water, used in aerobic respiration

A

oxygen

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18
Q

macronutrients

A

nitrogen
potassium
calcium
magnesium
phosphorous
sulfur

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19
Q

component of proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and alkaloids.

A

nitrogen

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20
Q

prevalent ion in plants, regulates water uptake, activates certain enzymes.

A

potassium

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21
Q

important in synthesizing pectin in cell wall, activates enzymes involved in chemical communication in cells.

A

calcium

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22
Q

part of chlorophyll and some enzymes, helps to stabilize ribosomes.

A

magnesium

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23
Q

part of phosphate in energy transfer molecules, nucleic acids, coenzymes, and phospholipids.

A

phosphorous

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24
Q

ingredient of proteins and some enzyme cofactors.

A

sulfur

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25
Q

micronutrients

A

chlorine
iron
boron
manganese
zinc
molybdenum
nickel

CIBMMNZ

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26
Q

possible role in some reactions of photosynthesis.

A

chlorine

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27
Q

chlorophyll synthesis, part of active site of many important oxidation-reduction enzymes.

A

iron

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28
Q

may work in translocation of sugars.

A

boron

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29
Q

prevalent enzyme activating metal in plants.

A

manganese

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30
Q

activates many enzymes, occurs in plastocyanons, an electron-carrier of photosynthesis.

A

zinc

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31
Q

important in nitrate reduction.

A

molybdenum

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32
Q

essential part of urease, which catalyses hydrolysis of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia.

A

nickel

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33
Q
  • essential to life;
  • plants are about 90%
A

water

34
Q
  • Medium in which all chemical interactions occur
  • interactions may be dependent upon proper water concentrations
    Solvent in which substances, including food are dissolved for transport within the plants
  • Participates directly in cellular chemical reactions, contributing oxygen and hydrogen atoms necessary for molecular synthesis
A

water

35
Q
  • Provides form and support for plant tissues
  • Because of its own molecular properties, it provides a buffer against rapid and excessive temperature changes within cells; water cools and heats at a slower rate than air
  • its molecules contribute to the acid-base balance of cells
  • interact in the uptake and utilization of mineral nutrients
A

water

36
Q

organic molecules

A
  1. carbohydrates
    - monosaccharides
    - oligosaccharides
    - polysaccharides
  2. proteins
    - structural proteins
    - storage proteins
    - enzymes
  3. nucleic acids
  4. lipids
    a. oils
    - fats
    - saturated
    - unsaturated
    b. phospholipids
    c. wax and wax-like substances
    - wax
    - epicuticular wax
    - cuticular wax
    c. secondary metabolites
    - alkaloids-nitrogen
    - terpenoids (volatile oil, resins, sterols, carotenoids, latex)
    - phenolics (simple & complex phenolics, flavonoids)
    - minor metabolites
37
Q

types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides

38
Q

monosaccharides consist of

A

ribose
glucose
fructose
galactose

39
Q

oligosaccharides consist of

A

disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and trisaccharides (raffinose);

40
Q

2 types of polysaccharides

A

storage polysaccharides
structural polysaccharides

41
Q

storage polysaccharides consist of

A

starch - amylase and amylopectin (polymers of glucose)

inulin - found in dahlia tubers, sweet corn (polymers of fructose)

42
Q

structural polysaccharides consist of

A

hold the cells together

CELLULOSE
AGAR
CARRAGEENAN

43
Q
  • organized together to make microfibrils and fibrils that make up the cell walls of plants
  • most abundant polymer on earth
  • pure cellulose is obtained from cotton
A

cellulose

44
Q

what is agar

A
  • mixture of agarose and agaropectin
  • gelling agent
45
Q
  • derived from red seaweed
  • thickener and stabilizer in food
A

carrageenan

46
Q

3 types of proteins

A

structural proteins
storage proteins
enzymes

47
Q
  • in cell walls and membranes, 2-10%.

what is this????????
- name given to proteins for the expansion of cell walls
- used in cell wall repair damaged by wounds, infection or freezing

A

structural proteins

extensin

48
Q

stored mostly in seeds and used as a source of nutrition for early development of seedlings.

  • found in corn
  • found in wheat
  • found in castor bean
A

storage proteins

Zein
Gliadin
Ricin D

49
Q
  • catalysts for biochemical reactions usually having a flexible and globular shape
  • catalyze reactions to make or digest cell walls, membranes, storage polymers, proteins, DNA, RNA, pollen walls, seed coats, chlorophyll and others.

example of enzymes

A

enzymes

papain and chymopapain

50
Q
  • structural units of nucleic acid
  • most complex biological polymers
A
  • nucleotides made up of C, H, O, N, S, P for the formation of genetic material called chromosomes
  • RNA and DNA
51
Q

composition of nucleotides

A
  1. phosphate group
  2. 5-carbon sugar
  3. nitrogen bases
    - purines (G, A)
    - pyrimidines (C, U, T)
  4. number of strands
52
Q

types of lipids

A
  1. Oils
    - fats
    - saturated
    - unsaturated
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Wax and wax-like substances
    - wax
    - epicuticular wax
    - cuticular wax
  4. secondary metabolites
    - alkaloids
    - terpenoids (volatile oils, resins, sterols, carotenoids, latex)
    - phenolics
    - minor metabolites
53
Q

refer to the fixed oils, fats, and waxes

A

lipids

54
Q
  • fats that are liquid at room temperature
  • most abundant in seeds
A

oils

55
Q

combination of a glycerol with three long-chain organic acid or fatty acid

A

fats

56
Q
  • with no C-C double bonds
  • filled with H atoms
  • usually solid at room temperature
  • animal lard, palm oil or palmic acid
A

saturated fats

57
Q
  • those having C-C double bonds
  • providing the molecules rigidity which prevents them from packing together into a solid form, thus they are liquid at room temperature
  • corn oil, peanut oil, olive oil
A

unsaturated fats

58
Q
  • lipids wherein one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group which improves water-solubility of fats
  • found in membranes and are used to control the passage of substances into the cell
  • lecithin
A

phospholipids

59
Q
  • complex mixture of fatty acids linked to long-chain alcohols
  • more water-repellant
A

wax

60
Q
  • comprising the outermost layer of the leaves, fruits and herbaceous stems
  • used to protect these parts from drying up
A

epicuticular wax

61
Q
  • wax embedded in the cuticle
  • _______ and ________ (composition of cork cells in tree barks)
A
  • cuticular wax
  • cutin, suberin
62
Q
  • products of plant metabolism occurring irregularly or rarely among plants and have no known general metabolic role in cells
  • primarily for ecological purposes (to protect plants from insects and pathogenic microbes)
A

secondary metabolites

63
Q
  • nitrogen- containing component in plants where the nitrogen is usually a part of a ringed structure; usually bitter and are physiologically active
  • morphine, atropine, nicotine, caffeine, tubocurarine, vincristine, quinine, cocaine
A

alkaloids

64
Q

polymers of isoprene units (containing 5 carbon atoms)

A

terpenoids

65
Q
  • odoriferous components of plants
  • geraniol and menthol
A

volatile oils

66
Q
  • thick, translucent, combustible, organic fluids secreted by plants;

*pine tree resin

A

resins

67
Q
  • plant hormones
  • digitalin, abscissic acid and gibberellins
A

sterols

68
Q
  • give pigments to plants from yellow to red

*beta-carotene

A

carotenoids

69
Q

rubber-like, largest terpenoid

A

latex

70
Q

single-ringed; salicylic acid

A

phenolics

71
Q

three types of phenolics

A

simple phenolics
complex phenolics
flavonoids

72
Q

single-ringed; salicylic acid type of phenolics

A

simple phenolics

73
Q
  • 3 or more rings
  • ________, flavoring from nutmet
A
  • complex phenolics
  • myristicin
74
Q

complex 3-ringed structures condensed together

A

flavonoids

75
Q

types of flavonoids

A

anthocyanins
rutin
tannin
ronin

76
Q

impart red and blue pigments to flowers

A

anthocyanins

77
Q

found in fruits and rich in vitamin C

A

rutin

78
Q

found in tea and other plants that can cause discoloration to metal cookware

A

tannin

79
Q

a strengthening component of wood

A

ronin

80
Q

glycosides-sugar containing metabolites

  • mustard oil glycosides in cabbage, broccoli, horseradish, watercress
A

minor metabolites

81
Q

____________ that release HCN found in seeds of apples, apricots, cherries and peaches

A

cyanogenic glycosides

82
Q
A

(SLU) PHARMA 112: BOTANY LEC (14 decks)

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