Unit 2 (Part 1) - Building Blocks of Life Flashcards
1
Q
first to make a compound microscope
A
Hans & Zacharias Janssen
(1595)
2
Q
- discovered the cell using a cork slice
- Father of Cytology
- theory of planetary motion
- theory of elasticity
A
Robert Hooke
(1665)
3
Q
- described cells in a drop of pond water using a microscope
- Red blood cells, Sperm cells
A
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
(1670)
4
Q
discovered nucleus in plant cells
A
Robert Brown
(1831)
5
Q
the cell is thebasic building block of all plant matter
A
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
(1838)
6
Q
- same conclusion as Schleidenabout animal tissue
- founder of modern histology
- cell theory
A
Theodor Schwann
(1839)
7
Q
explain cell theory
A
- Cells are organismsand all organisms consist of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure for allorganisms and that plants and animals consist of combinations of these organisms which are arranged in accordance with definite rules.
8
Q
- protoplasm had been observed (though not so called) for the first time in the cells of some plants by _______ as early as _____, and later by ___________, and in the cells of small animals by _______ in _____.
- _________ describes it as a jelly-like substance, “the primary animal substance,” and called it _______.
A
Corti, 1772
Treviranus
Dujardin, 1835
Dujardin, sarcode
9
Q
- coined the term protoplasm as the living matter of the cell.
A
Hugo von Mohl
(1851)
10
Q
demonstrate that the cell theory applies to diseased tissue as well as to healthy tissue-that is, that diseased cells derive from the healthy cells of normal tissue.
A
Rudolf Virchow
(1855)
11
Q
breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases
A
Louis Pasteur
12
Q
named the cell contents as protoplasm
A
Purkinje
13
Q
building blocks of life
A
- inorganic elements
- common elements
- macronutrients
- micronutrients - water
- organic molecules
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- nucleic acids
- lipids
14
Q
inorganic elements commonly found in plants
A
hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
15
Q
component of water
A
hydrogen
16
Q
backbone of all organic molecules
A
carbon
17
Q
component of water, used in aerobic respiration
A
oxygen
18
Q
macronutrients
A
nitrogen
potassium
calcium
magnesium
phosphorous
sulfur
19
Q
component of proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and alkaloids.
A
nitrogen
20
Q
prevalent ion in plants, regulates water uptake, activates certain enzymes.
A
potassium
21
Q
important in synthesizing pectin in cell wall, activates enzymes involved in chemical communication in cells.
A
calcium
22
Q
part of chlorophyll and some enzymes, helps to stabilize ribosomes.
A
magnesium
23
Q
part of phosphate in energy transfer molecules, nucleic acids, coenzymes, and phospholipids.
A
phosphorous
24
Q
ingredient of proteins and some enzyme cofactors.
A
sulfur
25
micronutrients
chlorine
iron
boron
manganese
zinc
molybdenum
nickel
CIBMMNZ
26
possible role in some reactions of photosynthesis.
chlorine
27
chlorophyll synthesis, part of active site of many important oxidation-reduction enzymes.
iron
28
may work in translocation of sugars.
boron
29
prevalent enzyme activating metal in plants.
manganese
30
activates many enzymes, occurs in plastocyanons, an electron-carrier of photosynthesis.
zinc
31
important in nitrate reduction.
molybdenum
32
essential part of urease, which catalyses hydrolysis of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia.
nickel
33
- essential to life;
- plants are about 90%
water
34
- Medium in which all chemical interactions occur
- interactions may be dependent upon proper water concentrations
Solvent in which substances, including food are dissolved for transport within the plants
- Participates directly in cellular chemical reactions, contributing oxygen and hydrogen atoms necessary for molecular synthesis
water
35
- Provides form and support for plant tissues
- Because of its own molecular properties, it provides a buffer against rapid and excessive temperature changes within cells; water cools and heats at a slower rate than air
- its molecules contribute to the acid-base balance of cells
- interact in the uptake and utilization of mineral nutrients
water
36
organic molecules
1. carbohydrates
- monosaccharides
- oligosaccharides
- polysaccharides
2. proteins
- structural proteins
- storage proteins
- enzymes
3. nucleic acids
4. lipids
a. oils
- fats
- saturated
- unsaturated
b. phospholipids
c. wax and wax-like substances
- wax
- epicuticular wax
- cuticular wax
c. secondary metabolites
- alkaloids-nitrogen
- terpenoids (volatile oil, resins, sterols, carotenoids, latex)
- phenolics (simple & complex phenolics, flavonoids)
- minor metabolites
37
types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides
38
monosaccharides consist of
ribose
glucose
fructose
galactose
39
oligosaccharides consist of
disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and trisaccharides (raffinose);
40
2 types of polysaccharides
storage polysaccharides
structural polysaccharides
41
storage polysaccharides consist of
starch - amylase and amylopectin (polymers of glucose)
inulin - found in dahlia tubers, sweet corn (polymers of fructose)
42
structural polysaccharides consist of
hold the cells together
CELLULOSE
AGAR
CARRAGEENAN
43
- organized together to make microfibrils and fibrils that make up the cell walls of plants
- most abundant polymer on earth
- pure cellulose is obtained from cotton
cellulose
44
what is agar
- mixture of agarose and agaropectin
- gelling agent
45
- derived from red seaweed
- thickener and stabilizer in food
carrageenan
46
3 types of proteins
structural proteins
storage proteins
enzymes
47
- in cell walls and membranes, 2-10%.
what is this????????
- name given to proteins for the expansion of cell walls
- used in cell wall repair damaged by wounds, infection or freezing
structural proteins
extensin
48
stored mostly in seeds and used as a source of nutrition for early development of seedlings.
- found in corn
- found in wheat
- found in castor bean
storage proteins
Zein
Gliadin
Ricin D
49
- catalysts for biochemical reactions usually having a flexible and globular shape
- catalyze reactions to make or digest cell walls, membranes, storage polymers, proteins, DNA, RNA, pollen walls, seed coats, chlorophyll and others.
example of enzymes
enzymes
papain and chymopapain
50
- structural units of nucleic acid
- most complex biological polymers
- nucleotides made up of C, H, O, N, S, P for the formation of genetic material called chromosomes
- RNA and DNA
51
composition of nucleotides
1. phosphate group
2. 5-carbon sugar
3. nitrogen bases
- purines (G, A)
- pyrimidines (C, U, T)
4. number of strands
52
types of lipids
1. Oils
- fats
- saturated
- unsaturated
2. Phospholipids
3. Wax and wax-like substances
- wax
- epicuticular wax
- cuticular wax
4. secondary metabolites
- alkaloids
- terpenoids (volatile oils, resins, sterols, carotenoids, latex)
- phenolics
- minor metabolites
53
refer to the fixed oils, fats, and waxes
lipids
54
- fats that are liquid at room temperature
- most abundant in seeds
oils
55
combination of a glycerol with three long-chain organic acid or fatty acid
fats
56
- with no C-C double bonds
- filled with H atoms
- usually solid at room temperature
* animal lard, palm oil or palmic acid
saturated fats
57
- those having C-C double bonds
- providing the molecules rigidity which prevents them from packing together into a solid form, thus they are liquid at room temperature
* corn oil, peanut oil, olive oil
unsaturated fats
58
- lipids wherein one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group which improves water-solubility of fats
- found in membranes and are used to control the passage of substances into the cell
* lecithin
phospholipids
59
- complex mixture of fatty acids linked to long-chain alcohols
- more water-repellant
wax
60
- comprising the outermost layer of the leaves, fruits and herbaceous stems
- used to protect these parts from drying up
epicuticular wax
61
- wax embedded in the cuticle
- _______ and ________ (composition of cork cells in tree barks)
- cuticular wax
- cutin, suberin
62
- products of plant metabolism occurring irregularly or rarely among plants and have no known general metabolic role in cells
- primarily for ecological purposes (to protect plants from insects and pathogenic microbes)
secondary metabolites
63
- nitrogen- containing component in plants where the nitrogen is usually a part of a ringed structure; usually bitter and are physiologically active
* morphine, atropine, nicotine, caffeine, tubocurarine, vincristine, quinine, cocaine
alkaloids
64
polymers of isoprene units (containing 5 carbon atoms)
terpenoids
65
- odoriferous components of plants
* geraniol and menthol
volatile oils
66
- thick, translucent, combustible, organic fluids secreted by plants;
*pine tree resin
resins
67
- plant hormones
* digitalin, abscissic acid and gibberellins
sterols
68
- give pigments to plants from yellow to red
*beta-carotene
carotenoids
69
rubber-like, largest terpenoid
latex
70
single-ringed; salicylic acid
phenolics
71
three types of phenolics
simple phenolics
complex phenolics
flavonoids
72
single-ringed; salicylic acid type of phenolics
simple phenolics
73
- 3 or more rings
- ________, flavoring from nutmet
- complex phenolics
- myristicin
74
complex 3-ringed structures condensed together
flavonoids
75
types of flavonoids
anthocyanins
rutin
tannin
ronin
76
impart red and blue pigments to flowers
anthocyanins
77
found in fruits and rich in vitamin C
rutin
78
found in tea and other plants that can cause discoloration to metal cookware
tannin
79
a strengthening component of wood
ronin
80
glycosides-sugar containing metabolites
* mustard oil glycosides in cabbage, broccoli, horseradish, watercress
minor metabolites
81
____________ that release HCN found in seeds of apples, apricots, cherries and peaches
cyanogenic glycosides
82
