Unit 2 (Part 1) - Building Blocks of Life Flashcards
first to make a compound microscope
Hans & Zacharias Janssen
(1595)
- discovered the cell using a cork slice
- Father of Cytology
- theory of planetary motion
- theory of elasticity
Robert Hooke
(1665)
- described cells in a drop of pond water using a microscope
- Red blood cells, Sperm cells
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
(1670)
discovered nucleus in plant cells
Robert Brown
(1831)
the cell is thebasic building block of all plant matter
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
(1838)
- same conclusion as Schleidenabout animal tissue
- founder of modern histology
- cell theory
Theodor Schwann
(1839)
explain cell theory
- Cells are organismsand all organisms consist of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure for allorganisms and that plants and animals consist of combinations of these organisms which are arranged in accordance with definite rules.
- protoplasm had been observed (though not so called) for the first time in the cells of some plants by _______ as early as _____, and later by ___________, and in the cells of small animals by _______ in _____.
- _________ describes it as a jelly-like substance, “the primary animal substance,” and called it _______.
Corti, 1772
Treviranus
Dujardin, 1835
Dujardin, sarcode
- coined the term protoplasm as the living matter of the cell.
Hugo von Mohl
(1851)
demonstrate that the cell theory applies to diseased tissue as well as to healthy tissue-that is, that diseased cells derive from the healthy cells of normal tissue.
Rudolf Virchow
(1855)
breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases
Louis Pasteur
named the cell contents as protoplasm
Purkinje
building blocks of life
- inorganic elements
- common elements
- macronutrients
- micronutrients - water
- organic molecules
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- nucleic acids
- lipids
inorganic elements commonly found in plants
hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
component of water
hydrogen
backbone of all organic molecules
carbon
component of water, used in aerobic respiration
oxygen
macronutrients
nitrogen
potassium
calcium
magnesium
phosphorous
sulfur
component of proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and alkaloids.
nitrogen
prevalent ion in plants, regulates water uptake, activates certain enzymes.
potassium
important in synthesizing pectin in cell wall, activates enzymes involved in chemical communication in cells.
calcium
part of chlorophyll and some enzymes, helps to stabilize ribosomes.
magnesium
part of phosphate in energy transfer molecules, nucleic acids, coenzymes, and phospholipids.
phosphorous
ingredient of proteins and some enzyme cofactors.
sulfur
micronutrients
chlorine
iron
boron
manganese
zinc
molybdenum
nickel
CIBMMNZ
possible role in some reactions of photosynthesis.
chlorine
chlorophyll synthesis, part of active site of many important oxidation-reduction enzymes.
iron
may work in translocation of sugars.
boron
prevalent enzyme activating metal in plants.
manganese
activates many enzymes, occurs in plastocyanons, an electron-carrier of photosynthesis.
zinc
important in nitrate reduction.
molybdenum
essential part of urease, which catalyses hydrolysis of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia.
nickel
- essential to life;
- plants are about 90%
water
- Medium in which all chemical interactions occur
- interactions may be dependent upon proper water concentrations
Solvent in which substances, including food are dissolved for transport within the plants - Participates directly in cellular chemical reactions, contributing oxygen and hydrogen atoms necessary for molecular synthesis
water
- Provides form and support for plant tissues
- Because of its own molecular properties, it provides a buffer against rapid and excessive temperature changes within cells; water cools and heats at a slower rate than air
- its molecules contribute to the acid-base balance of cells
- interact in the uptake and utilization of mineral nutrients
water
organic molecules
- carbohydrates
- monosaccharides
- oligosaccharides
- polysaccharides - proteins
- structural proteins
- storage proteins
- enzymes - nucleic acids
- lipids
a. oils
- fats
- saturated
- unsaturated
b. phospholipids
c. wax and wax-like substances
- wax
- epicuticular wax
- cuticular wax
c. secondary metabolites
- alkaloids-nitrogen
- terpenoids (volatile oil, resins, sterols, carotenoids, latex)
- phenolics (simple & complex phenolics, flavonoids)
- minor metabolites
types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides
monosaccharides consist of
ribose
glucose
fructose
galactose
oligosaccharides consist of
disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and trisaccharides (raffinose);
2 types of polysaccharides
storage polysaccharides
structural polysaccharides
storage polysaccharides consist of
starch - amylase and amylopectin (polymers of glucose)
inulin - found in dahlia tubers, sweet corn (polymers of fructose)
structural polysaccharides consist of
hold the cells together
CELLULOSE
AGAR
CARRAGEENAN
- organized together to make microfibrils and fibrils that make up the cell walls of plants
- most abundant polymer on earth
- pure cellulose is obtained from cotton
cellulose
what is agar
- mixture of agarose and agaropectin
- gelling agent
- derived from red seaweed
- thickener and stabilizer in food
carrageenan
3 types of proteins
structural proteins
storage proteins
enzymes
- in cell walls and membranes, 2-10%.
what is this????????
- name given to proteins for the expansion of cell walls
- used in cell wall repair damaged by wounds, infection or freezing
structural proteins
extensin
stored mostly in seeds and used as a source of nutrition for early development of seedlings.
- found in corn
- found in wheat
- found in castor bean
storage proteins
Zein
Gliadin
Ricin D
- catalysts for biochemical reactions usually having a flexible and globular shape
- catalyze reactions to make or digest cell walls, membranes, storage polymers, proteins, DNA, RNA, pollen walls, seed coats, chlorophyll and others.
example of enzymes
enzymes
papain and chymopapain
- structural units of nucleic acid
- most complex biological polymers
- nucleotides made up of C, H, O, N, S, P for the formation of genetic material called chromosomes
- RNA and DNA
composition of nucleotides
- phosphate group
- 5-carbon sugar
- nitrogen bases
- purines (G, A)
- pyrimidines (C, U, T) - number of strands
types of lipids
- Oils
- fats
- saturated
- unsaturated - Phospholipids
- Wax and wax-like substances
- wax
- epicuticular wax
- cuticular wax - secondary metabolites
- alkaloids
- terpenoids (volatile oils, resins, sterols, carotenoids, latex)
- phenolics
- minor metabolites
refer to the fixed oils, fats, and waxes
lipids
- fats that are liquid at room temperature
- most abundant in seeds
oils
combination of a glycerol with three long-chain organic acid or fatty acid
fats
- with no C-C double bonds
- filled with H atoms
- usually solid at room temperature
- animal lard, palm oil or palmic acid
saturated fats
- those having C-C double bonds
- providing the molecules rigidity which prevents them from packing together into a solid form, thus they are liquid at room temperature
- corn oil, peanut oil, olive oil
unsaturated fats
- lipids wherein one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group which improves water-solubility of fats
- found in membranes and are used to control the passage of substances into the cell
- lecithin
phospholipids
- complex mixture of fatty acids linked to long-chain alcohols
- more water-repellant
wax
- comprising the outermost layer of the leaves, fruits and herbaceous stems
- used to protect these parts from drying up
epicuticular wax
- wax embedded in the cuticle
- _______ and ________ (composition of cork cells in tree barks)
- cuticular wax
- cutin, suberin
- products of plant metabolism occurring irregularly or rarely among plants and have no known general metabolic role in cells
- primarily for ecological purposes (to protect plants from insects and pathogenic microbes)
secondary metabolites
- nitrogen- containing component in plants where the nitrogen is usually a part of a ringed structure; usually bitter and are physiologically active
- morphine, atropine, nicotine, caffeine, tubocurarine, vincristine, quinine, cocaine
alkaloids
polymers of isoprene units (containing 5 carbon atoms)
terpenoids
- odoriferous components of plants
- geraniol and menthol
volatile oils
- thick, translucent, combustible, organic fluids secreted by plants;
*pine tree resin
resins
- plant hormones
- digitalin, abscissic acid and gibberellins
sterols
- give pigments to plants from yellow to red
*beta-carotene
carotenoids
rubber-like, largest terpenoid
latex
single-ringed; salicylic acid
phenolics
three types of phenolics
simple phenolics
complex phenolics
flavonoids
single-ringed; salicylic acid type of phenolics
simple phenolics
- 3 or more rings
- ________, flavoring from nutmet
- complex phenolics
- myristicin
complex 3-ringed structures condensed together
flavonoids
types of flavonoids
anthocyanins
rutin
tannin
ronin
impart red and blue pigments to flowers
anthocyanins
found in fruits and rich in vitamin C
rutin
found in tea and other plants that can cause discoloration to metal cookware
tannin
a strengthening component of wood
ronin
glycosides-sugar containing metabolites
- mustard oil glycosides in cabbage, broccoli, horseradish, watercress
minor metabolites
____________ that release HCN found in seeds of apples, apricots, cherries and peaches
cyanogenic glycosides
