Unit 5 - Mental and Physical Health Part 2 Flashcards
Agoraphobia
Anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Characterized by a lack of regard for others’ rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds.
Anxiety Disorder
Characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior.
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Childhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior.
Atypical
Describes behaviors or feelings that deviate from the norm.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Childhood disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests.
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Group of mood disorders in which mania is the defining feature.
Bipolar Disorder
Mood disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as impulsivity; key features include intolerance of being alone and fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, unpredictable behavior and moods, and intense and inappropriate anger.
Catatonic Behavior
Decreased reactivity to the environment; includes posturing and catatonic stupor.
Comorbility
Co-occurrence of two disorders in the same individual.
Delusion
Belief that is contrary to reality and is firmly held, despite contradictory evidence.
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self (depersonalization), and the world feels artificial and unreal (derealization).
Depressive Disorder`
One of a group of mood disorders in which depression is the defining feature.
Diagnosis
Determination of which disorder a set of symptoms represents.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
Authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
Diathesis-Stress Model
Suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder (a diathesis) are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress; model of psychopathology.
Disorganized Thinking
Disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says.
Disorganized/Abnormal Motor Behavior
Highly unusual behaviors and movements (such as child-like behaviors), repeated and purposeless movements, and displaying odd facial expressions and gestures.
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience.
Dissociative Disorders
Group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from their core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory.
Dissociative Fugue
Symptom of dissociative amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from one’s home and experiences confusion about their identity.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged.
Dopamine Hypothesis
Theory of schizophrenia that proposes that an overabundance of dopamine or dopamine receptors is responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia.
Etiology
Cause or causes of a psychological disorder.
Flashback
Psychological state lasting from a few seconds to several days, during which one relives a traumatic event and behaves as though the event were occurring at that moment.
Flight of Ideas
Symptom of mania that involves an abruptly switching in conversation from one topic to another.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension.
Grandiose Delusion
Characterized by beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important.
Hallucination
Perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation, such as the auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) common to schizophrenia.
Harmful Dysfunction
Model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function.
Hoarding Disorder
Characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness.
Hopelessness Theory
Cognitive theory of depression proposing that a style of thinking that perceives negative life events as having stable and global causes leads to a sense of hopelessness and then to depression.
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
Authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Locus Coeruleus
Area of the brainstem that contains norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body’s fight-or-flight response; has been implicated in panic disorder.
Major Depressive Disorder
Commonly referred to as “depression” or “major depression,” characterized by sadness or loss of pleasure in usual activities, as well other symptoms.
Mania
State of extreme elation and agitation.
Manic Episode
Period in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels, and other symptoms.
Mood Disorder
One of a group of disorders characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions; the categories of mood disorders listed in the DSM-5 are bipolar and related disorders and depressive disorders.
Negative Symptom
Characterized by decreases and absences in certain normal behaviors, emotions, or drives, such as an expressionless face, lack of motivation to engage in activities, reduced speech, lack of social engagement, and inability to experience pleasure.
Neurodevelopmental Disorder
One of the disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood and involve developmental problems in academic, intellectual, social functioning.
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Group of overlapping disorders listed in the DSM-5 that involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Characterized by the tendency to experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges (obsession) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) in response to the unwanted thoughts and urges.
Oribitofrontal Cortex
Area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making.
Panic Attack
Period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly; symptoms of panic attacks are both physiological and psychological.
Panic Disorder
Anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.
Paranoid Delusion
Characterized by beliefs that others are out to harm them.
Peripartum Onset
Subtype of depression that applies to people who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood.
Personality Disorder
Group of DSM-5 disorders characterized by an inflexible and pervasive personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of one’s culture and causes distress and impairment; people with these disorders have a personality style that frequently brings them into conflict with others and disrupts their ability to develop and maintain social relationships
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Experiencing a profoundly traumatic event leads to a constellation of symptoms that include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, negative emotional states, feelings of detachment from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts, hypervigilance, and a tendency to startle easily; these symptoms must occur for at least one month.
Prodromal Symptom
In schizophrenia, one of the early minor symptoms of psychosis.
Psychological Disorder
Condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Psychopathology
Study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment; manifestation of a psychological disorder.
Rumination
In depression, tendency to repetitively and passively dwell on one’s depressed symptoms, their meanings, and their consequences.
Safety Behavior
Mental and behavior acts designed to reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes; common in social anxiety disorder.
Schizophrenic
Severe disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior with symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and negative symptoms.
Seasonal Pattern
Subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.
Social Anxiety Disorder
Characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others.
Somatic Delusion
Belief that something highly unusual is happening to one’s body or internal organs
Specific Phobia
Anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
Suicidal Ideation
Thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt.
Ventricle
One of the fluid-filled cavities within the brain
Asylum
Institution created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders.
Averse Conditioning
Counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior.
Behavior Therapy
Therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors.
Biomedical Therapy
Treatment that involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders.
Cognitive Therapy
Form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person’s thoughts lead to feelings of distress, with the aim of helping them change these irrational thoughts.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors.
Comorbid Disorder
Individual who has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substance abuse diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, such as depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia.
Confidentiality
Therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party, unless mandated or permitted by law.
Counterconditioning
Classical conditioning therapeutic technique in which a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior.
Couples Therapy
Two people in an intimate relationship, such as husband and wife, who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them with therapy.
Cultural Competence
Therapist’s understanding and attention to issues of race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment.
Deinstitutionalization
Process of closing large asylums and integrating people back into the community where they can be treated locally.
Dream Analysis
Technique in psychoanalysis in which patients recall their dreams and the psychoanalyst interprets them to reveal unconscious desires or struggles.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Type of biomedical therapy that involves using an electrical current to induce seizures in a person to help alleviate the effects of severe depression.
Exposure Therapy
Counterconditioning technique in which a therapist seeks to treat a client’s fear or anxiety by presenting the feared object or situation with the idea that the person will eventually get used to it.
Family Therapy
Special form of group therapy consisting of one or more families.
Free Association
Technique in psychoanalysis in which the patient says whatever comes to mind at the moment.
Group Therapy
Treatment modality in which 5–10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician.
Humanistic Theory
Therapeutic orientation aimed at helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves.
Individual Therapy
Treatment modality in which the client and clinician meet one-on-one.
Intake
Therapist’s first meeting with the client in which the therapist gathers specific information to address the client’s immediate needs.
Involuntary Treatment
Therapy that is mandated by the courts or other systems.
Nondirective Therapy
Therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings.
Play Therapy
Therapeutic process, often used with children, that employs toys to help them resolve psychological problems.
Psychoanalysis
Therapeutic orientation developed by Sigmund Freud that employs free association, dream analysis, and transference to uncover repressed feelings.
Psychotherapy
Psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth.
Rational Emotive Theory (RET)
Form of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Relapse
Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse.
Rogerian Therapy
Non-directive form of humanistic psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance.
Strategic Family Therapy
Therapist guides the therapy sessions and develops treatment plans for each family member for specific problems that can addressed in a short amount of time.
Structural Family Therapy
Therapist examines and discusses with the family the boundaries and structure of the family: who makes the rules, who sleeps in the bed with whom, how decisions are made, and what are the boundaries within the family.
Systematic Desensitization
Form of exposure therapy used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders by exposing a person to the feared object or situation through a stimulus hierarchy.
Token Economy
Controlled setting where individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with tokens (e.g., poker chip) that be exchanged for items or privileges.
Transference
Process in psychoanalysis in which the patient transfers all of the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient’s other relationships to the psychoanalyst.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Fundamental acceptance of a person regardless of what they say or do; term associated with humanistic psychology..
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Uses a simulation rather than the actual feared object or situation to help people conquer their fears.
