Unit 4 - Social Psychology and Personality Part 1

Question 1

Actor-Observer Bias

Answer 1

Phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces.

Question 2

Ageism

Answer 2

Prejudice and discrimination based on age.

Question 3

Asch Effect

Answer 3

Person’s judgement is influenced by the majority opinion, even if it is accurate.

Question 4

Attribution

Answer 4

Explanation for the behavior of other people.

Question 5

Bystander Effect

Answer 5

Situation where the witness/bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress.

Question 6

Central-Route Persuasion

Answer 6

Logic-driven arguments to convince people.

Question 7

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 7

Psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perception.

Question 8

Collectivist Culture

Answer 8

Culture that focuses on the community.

Question 9

Companionate Love

Answer 9

Type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships.

Question 10

Confederate

Answer 10

Person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design.

Question 11

Confirmation Bias

Answer 11

Seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes.

Question 12

Conformity

Answer 12

When individuals change their behaviors to fit in with the rest of the group.

Question 13

Consummate Love

Answer 13

Type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present.

Question 14

Diffusion of Responsibility

Answer 14

Tendency for no one in a group to help because responsibility is distributed through the group.

Question 15

Discrimination

Answer 15

Negative actions toward a group due to membership of a group.

Question 16

Dispositionism

Answer 16

Describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament.

Question 17

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

Answer 17

Persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item.

Question 18

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 18

Tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation.

Question 19

Group Polarization

Answer 19

Strengthening of a group’s opinion after discussion.

Question 20

Groupthink

Answer 20

Group members modify their opinions to fit with the group consensus.

Question 21

Homophily

Answer 21

Tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar.

Question 22

In-Group

Answer 22

The group that a person belongs to.

Question 23

In-Group Bias

Answer 23

Preference for members within the in-group.

Question 24

Individualistic Culture

Answer 24

Culture that focuses on the individual.

Question 25

Informational Social Influence

Answer 25

Conformity based belief that the group is competent and has the correct information.

Question 26

Instrumental Aggression

Answer 26

Aggression motivated by achieving a goal.

Question 27

Internal Factor

Answer 27

Internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament.

Question 28

Just-World Hypothesis

Answer 28

Ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

Question 29

Justification of Effort

Answer 29

Theory that people value goals and achievements more if there was more effort put into it.

Question 30

Normative Social Influence

Answer 30

Conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group.

Question 31

Out-Group

Answer 31

Group that one does not belong to.

Question 32

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Answer 32

One person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message.

Question 33

Prejudice

Answer 33

Negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group.

Question 34

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 34

Voluntary behavior with intent to help other people.

Question 35

Reciprocity

Answer 35

Give and take in relationships.

Question 36

Script

Answer 36

A persons knowledge about a sequence of events in a setting.

Question 37

Self-Disclosure

Answer 37

Sharing personal information in a relationship.

Question 38

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 38

Treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs.

Question 39

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 39

Tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes.

Question 40

Situationism

Answer 40

Describes a perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists.

Question 41

Social Exchange Theory

Answer 41

Humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Question 42

Social Loafing

Answer 42

Exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks.

Question 43

Social Norm

Answer 43

Group’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members.

Question 44

Stanford Prison Experiment

Answer 44

Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.

Question 45

Stereotype

Answer 45

Specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics.

Question 46

Triangular Theory of Love

Answer 46

Model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components