Unit 4 - Social Psychology and Personality Part 1 Flashcards
Actor-Observer Bias
Phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces.
Ageism
Prejudice and discrimination based on age.
Asch Effect
Person’s judgement is influenced by the majority opinion, even if it is accurate.
Attribution
Explanation for the behavior of other people.
Bystander Effect
Situation where the witness/bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress.
Central-Route Persuasion
Logic-driven arguments to convince people.
Cognitive Dissonance
Psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perception.
Collectivist Culture
Culture that focuses on the community.
Companionate Love
Type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships.
Confederate
Person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design.
Confirmation Bias
Seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes.
Conformity
When individuals change their behaviors to fit in with the rest of the group.
Consummate Love
Type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present.
Diffusion of Responsibility
Tendency for no one in a group to help because responsibility is distributed through the group.
Discrimination
Negative actions toward a group due to membership of a group.
Dispositionism
Describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament.
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
Persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item.
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation.
Group Polarization
Strengthening of a group’s opinion after discussion.
Groupthink
Group members modify their opinions to fit with the group consensus.
Homophily
Tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar.
In-Group
The group that a person belongs to.
In-Group Bias
Preference for members within the in-group.
Individualistic Culture
Culture that focuses on the individual.
Informational Social Influence
Conformity based belief that the group is competent and has the correct information.
Instrumental Aggression
Aggression motivated by achieving a goal.
Internal Factor
Internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament.
Just-World Hypothesis
Ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.
Justification of Effort
Theory that people value goals and achievements more if there was more effort put into it.
Normative Social Influence
Conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group.
Out-Group
Group that one does not belong to.
Peripheral Route Persuasion
One person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message.
Prejudice
Negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group.
Prosocial Behavior
Voluntary behavior with intent to help other people.
Reciprocity
Give and take in relationships.
Script
A persons knowledge about a sequence of events in a setting.
Self-Disclosure
Sharing personal information in a relationship.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs.
Self-Serving Bias
Tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes.
Situationism
Describes a perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists.
Social Exchange Theory
Humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Social Loafing
Exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks.
Social Norm
Group’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members.
Stanford Prison Experiment
Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.
Stereotype
Specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics.
Triangular Theory of Love
Model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components
