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AP Psychology > Unit 2 - Cognition Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Cognition Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Algorithm

A

A problem solving strategy based on a specific set of instructions.

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2
Q

Analytical Intelligence

A

Aligned with academic problem solving and computations.

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3
Q

Anchoring Bias

A

The bias in which an individual fixates on a certain aspect of a problem in an attempt to find a solution.

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4
Q

Artificial Concept

A

Concept defined by a very specific set of characteristics.

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5
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

When a decision is made using only information that is readily available.

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6
Q

Cognition

A

Thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgement, and memory.

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7
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Field of psychology dedicated to studying how people think.

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8
Q

Cognitive Script (Event Schema)

A

Set of behaviors that are performed the same every time.

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9
Q

Concept

A

Category of information.

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10
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The excessive focus on information that confirms beliefs.

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11
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Providing correct/accepted answers to problems.

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12
Q

Creative Intelligence

A

Ability to produce original ideas/solutions.

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13
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.

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14
Q

Cultural Intelligence

A

Ability to understand those of different cultures.

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15
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Ability to “think outside the box” and develop novel solutions.

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16
Q

Dyscalculia

A

Difficulty in understanding math.

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17
Q

Dysgraphia

A

Extreme difficulty in writing legibly.

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18
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

Ability to understand emotions/motivations of oneself and others.

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19
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.

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20
Q

Flynn Effect

A

The observation that each generation has higher IQ than the last.

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21
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Inability to see an object for any other use than its intended.

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22
Q

Heuristic

A

A mental shortcut when solving problems.

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23
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Belief that an event was predictable based on knowing the events already.

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24
Q

Intelligence Quotient

A

A score on a test that measures intelligence.

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25
Q

Lexicon

A

Words of a given language.

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26
Q

Mental Set

A

Continuously using the same solution to a problem despite there being no results.

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27
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest unit of language that can still contain meaning.

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28
Q

Multiple Intelligences Theory

A

Gardner’s theory that everyone possesses 8+ types of intelligence.

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29
Q

Natural Concepts

A

Mental groupings that are created naturally based on experiences.

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30
Q

Norming

A

Administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups

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31
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Extension of a rule to where it does not apply, specifically in language development.

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32
Q

Phoneme

A

Basic sound unit in a language.

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33
Q

Practical Intelligence

A

Street smarts.

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34
Q

Prototype

A

Best representation of a concept.

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35
Q

Range of Reaction

A

Each person has unique responses based on genetic make up.

36
Q

Representative Bias

A

Stereotyping someone/something without good reason.

37
Q

Representative Sample

A

Subset of population that accurately reflects the population.

38
Q

Role Schema

A

Set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role.

39
Q

Schema (Pl. Schemata)

A

Mental construct that ties related subjects together.

40
Q

Semantics

A

Process of deriving meaning from morphemes and words.

41
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean.

42
Q

Standardization

A

Method of testing in which everything about the test is consistent between test takers.

43
Q

Syntax

A

The way words are organized into sentences.

44
Q

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

A

Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical

45
Q

Acoustic Encoding

A

Inputs of words, sounds, and music.

46
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory for events that occur after brain trauma.

47
Q

Arousal Theory

A

Strong emotions trigger from strong memories and vice versa.

48
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A

Memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

49
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Encoding of informational details such as time, frequency, etc.

50
Q

Blocking (Memory)

A

Memory error in which stored information cannot be retrieved.

51
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing information into more manageable chunks.

52
Q

Construction

A

Formation of new memories.

53
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Long-term memory of facts and events personally experienced.

54
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Encoding of information that takes effort and attention.

55
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Thinking about the meaning of new information and how it relates to already existing information.

56
Q

Encoding

A

Input of information into the memory system.

57
Q

Engram

A

Physical trace of memory.

58
Q

Episodic Memory (Autobiographical Memory)

A

Type of declarative memory that focuses on personal experience.

59
Q

Equipotentiality Hypothesis

A

Some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories.

60
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memories that are consciously recalled.

61
Q

False Memory Syndrome

A

Recall of false autobiographical memories.

62
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Exceptionally clear memory of a certain event.

63
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Memories not part of the consciousness.

64
Q

Levels of Processing

A

Information that is thought of deeply is more meaningful and thus remembered better.

65
Q

Memory-enhancing Strategy

A

Technique that helps short term memory turn to long term memory.

66
Q

Misattribution

A

Confusing source of information.

67
Q

Misinformation Effect Paradigm

A

After exposure to inaccurate information about an event, an individual may misremember the actual event.

68
Q

Mnemonic Device

A

Memory aids that help with memory.

69
Q

Persistance

A

Failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones.

70
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Old information hinders the recall of new information.

71
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Long-term memory of skilled actions, such as how to ski, how to brush teeth, etc.

72
Q

Recall

A

Accessing information without the need for cues.

73
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying previously learned information on a different encounter, typically with the help of a cue.

74
Q

Reconstruction

A

Process of amending old memories that have been changed by new information.

75
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repetition of information to be remembered.

76
Q

Relearning

A

Learning information that was previously learned.

77
Q

Retrieval

A

Act of getting information out of long-term memory storage back to the conscious awareness.

78
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

New memories interfere with old ones.

79
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Forgetting events that happened before brain trauma.

80
Q

Self-reference Effect

A

Tendency to remember more personal events better.

81
Q

Semantic Encoding

A

Input of words and their meaning.

82
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

83
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Storage of brief sensory events, such as touch.

84
Q

Storage

A

Creation of a permanent record of information.

85
Q

Suggestibility

A

Effects of misinformation that results in false memories.

86
Q

Transience

A

Memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time.

87
Q

Visual Encoding

A

Input of images.

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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