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AP Psychology > Unit 1 - Biological Bases of Behavior Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Biological Bases of Behavior Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimum amount of stimulus energy required for a stimulus to be detected at least 50% of the time.

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2
Q

Afterimage

A

Continuation of visual stimulation after removal of stimuli.

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3
Q

Amplitude

A

Height of a wavelength.

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4
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

Thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system.

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5
Q

Binaural Cue

A

Two-eared cue to localize sound.

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6
Q

Binocular Cue

A

Cue that relies on the use of both eyes.

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7
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

The slight difference in which the eyes view the world

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8
Q

Blind Spot

A

Point in vision field in which visual information is not detected.

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9
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

A system in which perceptions are built from sensory imput.

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10
Q

Closure

A

Organizing perceptions into complete objects rather than parts.

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11
Q

Cochlea

A

Fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system.

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12
Q

Cochlear Implant

A

Electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerves to transfer information to the brain.

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13
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A

Failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles.

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14
Q

Cone

A

Specialized photoreceptor that works best in bright light and detects color.

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15
Q

Congenital Deafness

A

Deafness at birth.

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16
Q

Congenital Analgesia

A

Genetic Disorder in which pain cannot be felt.

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17
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent covering over eye.

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18
Q

Deafness

A

Partial/complete inability to hear.

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19
Q

Decibel (dB)

A

Logarithmic unit of sound intensity.

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20
Q

Depth Perception

A

Ability to perceive depth.

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21
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

All of the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in the environment.

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22
Q

Figure-ground Relationship

A

The segmentation of vision into figure and ground.

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23
Q

Fovea

A

Small indentation in the retina that contains the cones.

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24
Q

Frequency

A

The amount of waves that pass through a point in a given time.

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25
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

The belief that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

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26
Q

Good Continuation

A

The phenomenon where it is more likely that one perceives smooth connected lines rather than broken jagged lines.

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27
Q

Hair Cell

A

Auditory receptor in the inner ear.

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28
Q

Hertz (Hz)

A

Cycles per second; unit for frequency.

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29
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failure to notice something completely visible due to lack of attention.

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30
Q

Incus

A

Middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil.

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31
Q

Inflammatory Pain

A

Sign that tissues have sustained damage.

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32
Q

Interaural Level Difference

A

Sound coming from one side is more intense at the closer ear because of heightened awareness of the sound wave as it passes through the year.

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33
Q

Interaural Timing Difference

A

The small difference it takes for sound waves to arrive at each ear.

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34
Q

Iris

A

Colored portion of the eye.

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35
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

The minimum difference in stimuli level to be able to be detected.

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36
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Perception of the body moving through space.

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37
Q

Lens

A

Curved, transparent structure that focuses light travelling into the eye.

38
Q

Linear Perspective

A

The perception of depth as two parallel lines which appear to converge.

39
Q

Malleus (Hammer)

A

The middle ear ossicle.

40
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

Touch receptor that responds to pressure and low frequency vibrations.

41
Q

Ménière’s Disease

A

Degeneration in inner ear that needs to hearing loss, increased vertigo, tinnitus, and an increase in pressure in the inner ear.

42
Q

Merkel’s Disk

A

Touch receptor that responds to light touch.

43
Q

Monaural Cue

A

One-eared cue to localize sound.

44
Q

Monocular Cue

A

Cue that only requires one eye.

45
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

Pain caused by damage to peripheral and/or central nervous system.

46
Q

Nociception

A

Sensory signal that indicates harm and possibly pain.

47
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory lobes begin.

48
Q

Olfactory Receptor

A

Sensory cell for the olfactory system.

49
Q

Opponent-process Theory of Color Perception

A

Color is coded in opponent pairs: black/white, yellow/blue, red/green.

50
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain’s ventral surface; represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field to the opposite side of the brain

51
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

52
Q

Ossicles

A

Three tiny bones in the middle ear consisting of the malleus, incus, and stapes

53
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

Touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations.

54
Q

Pattern Perception

A

Ability to discriminate amongst different figures and shapes.

55
Q

Peak (Crest)

A

Highest point of a wave.

56
Q

Perception

A

The way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced.

57
Q

Perceptual Hypothesis

A

Educated guess used to interpret sensory information.

58
Q

Pheromone

A

Chemical message sent by another individual.

59
Q

Photoreceptor

A

Light detecting cell.

60
Q

Pinna

A

The visible part of the ear.

61
Q

Pitch

A

Perception of a sound’s frequency.

62
Q

Place Theory of Pitch Perception

A

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

63
Q

Principle of Closure

A

The organization of perception into a whole rather than a series of parts.

64
Q

Proprioception

A

Perception of body position.

65
Q

Proximity

A

Things that are close together tend to be grouped together.

66
Q

Pupil

A

Small opening in the eye in which light passes.

67
Q

Retina

A

Light-sensitive lining of the eye.

68
Q

Rod

A

Specialized photoreceptor that works well in low light conditions.

69
Q

Ruffini Corpuscle

A

Touch receptor that detects stretch.

70
Q

Sensation

A

What happens when sensory information is picked up by a sensory receptor.

71
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Failure of cochlea to transmit signals to the brain.

72
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

The loss of perception of constant stimuli.

73
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state.

74
Q

Similarity

A

Things that are alike tend to be grouped together.

75
Q

Staples (Stirrup)

A

Middle ear ossicle.

76
Q

Subliminal Message

A

A message presented below the threshold of awareness.

77
Q

Taste Bud

A

Grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud.

78
Q

Temporal Theory of Pitch Perception

A

Sound frequency is encoded in the activity level of a sensory neuron.

79
Q

Thermoception

A

Temperature perception.

80
Q

Timbre

A

Descriptive term that refers to a sounds quality

81
Q

Top-down Processing

A

Interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.

82
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential.

83
Q

Trichromatic Theory of Color Perception

A

Color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones.

84
Q

Trough

A

Lowest point of a wave.

85
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Eardrum.

86
Q

Umami

A

Taste for MSG.

87
Q

Vertigo

A

Spinning sensation.

88
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

The ability to maintain balance and body posture.

89
Q

Visible Spectrum

A

Portion of electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen.

90
Q

Wavelength

A

Length of wave from one peak to another peak.

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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