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AP Psychology > Unit 1 - Biological Bases of Behavior Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Biological Bases of Behavior Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Sits upon kidneys and produces hormones related to stress response.

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1
Q

Action Potential

A

Electrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon.

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2
Q

Agonist

A

Drug that mimics or strengthens the effects a neurotransmitter.

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3
Q

All-or-none Principle

A

Incoming neuron signals are exclusively either sufficient or insufficient to meet the threshold of excitement.

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4
Q

Allele

A

A specific version of a gene.

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5
Q

Amyglada

A

Structure in the limbic system involved in the emotion and the association of memories with emotion.

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6
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug that inhibits neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information.

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8
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Controls internal organs and glands

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9
Q

Axon

A

Major extension of the soma

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10
Q

Biological Perspective

A

Psychological perspective that views mental disorders as purely imbalances in neurotransmitters.

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11
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Region in the left hemisphere used for language production.

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12
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and Spinal Chord

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A

Hindbrain structure that controls balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills. It may be important for processing certain types of memories.

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14
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Surface of the brain associated with the highest level of cognitive ability.

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15
Q

Chromosome

A

A long strand of genetic information.

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16
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan

A

Imaging technique where a computer generates and combines multiple x-ray images of a given area.

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17
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Thick band of neural fibers connecting the brain’s hemispheres.

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18
Q

Dendrite

A

Branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons

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19
Q

Dominant Allele

A

Allele that is expressed in phenotype.

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20
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Recording electrical activity of the brain via electrodes on the scalp.

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21
Q

Endocrine System

A

Series of glands that produce hormones

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22
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype can lead to different phenotypes.

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23
Q

Fight or Flight Response

A

Activation of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system which produces adrenaline.

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24
Q

Forebrain

A

Largest part of the brain. It contains:
- The cerebral cortex
- The thalamus
- The limbic System

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25
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

Twins that develop from separate eggs, meaning they have different genetic material.

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26
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Part of the cerebral cortex involved in motor control, reasoning, emotion, and language. It contains the motor cortex.

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27
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Shows change in metabolic activity over time.

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28
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA that controls or partially controls physical features.

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29
Q

Genetic Environmental Correlation

A

View of gene and environment relationship that asserts genes affect environment and vice versa.

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30
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism.

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31
Q

Glial Cell

A

Nervous system that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport.

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32
Q

Gonad

A

Secrets sex horomes.

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33
Q

Gyrus (plural: Gyri)

A

Bump/ridge on cerebral cortex.

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34
Q

Hemisphere

A

Left/right side of the brain.

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35
Q

Heterozygous

A

Consisting of two distinct alleles.

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36
Q

Hindbrain

A

Division of the brain consisting of:
- Medulla
- Pons
- Cerebellum

37
Q

Hippocampus

A

Structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory.

38
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of equilibrium, where biological processes are held at an optimal level.

39
Q

Homozygous

A

Consisting of two identical alleles.

40
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger released by endocrine glands

41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation, behavior, and many homeostatic processes. Intersection point of nervous and endocrine system.

42
Q

Identical Twins

A

Twins that develop from the same sperm and egg and thus have very similar genetic makeup.

43
Q

Lateralization

A

Concept that each hemisphere of the brain has specific functions.

44
Q

Limbic System

A

Collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory.

45
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Deep groove in the brain’s cortex.

46
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged.

47
Q

Medulla

A

Hindbrain structure that controls automated processes.

48
Q

Membrane Potential

A

Difference in charge across the neuronal membrane.

49
Q

Midbrain

A

Division of the brain located between the forebrain and hindbrain; contains the reticular formation.

50
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement.

51
Q

Mutation

A

Sudden, permanent change in a gene.

52
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Fatty substance that insulates axons.

53
Q

Nervous System

A

Split into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

54
Q

Neuron

A

Cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors.

55
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability for the nervous system to change.

56
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger of the nervous system

57
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Open spaces that are found in the myelin sheath that encases the axon.

58
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains primary visual cortex.

59
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar.

60
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Associated with routine day to day operations in the body.

61
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortex.

62
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Connects the brain and spinal chord to the muscles, organs, and senses in the periphery of the body.

63
Q

Phenotype

A

Individual’s inheritable physical characteristics.

64
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body and many messenger hormones that direct activity of other glands in the endocrine system.

65
Q

Polygenic

A

Multiple genes affecting a given trait.

66
Q

Pons

A

Hindbrain structure that connects the brain and spinal chord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep.

67
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan

A

A process where individuals are injected with a mildly radioactive substance and subsequent change sin blood flow to different regions of the brain is monitored.

68
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Area of the frontal lobe responsible for higher level cognitive functioning.

69
Q

Psychotropic Medication

A

Drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance.

70
Q

Range of Reaction

A

Asserts our genes set boundaries in which an individual can operate and that the environment interacts with the genes to determine in what range the individual can operate in.

71
Q

Receptor

A

Protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach.

72
Q

Recessive Allele

A

Allele whose phenotype will be expressed only if an individual is homozygous for that allele.

73
Q

Resting Potential

A

The state of readiness of a neuron membrane’s potential between signals

74
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Midbrain structure important for regulating the sleep cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity.

75
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it.

76
Q

Semipermeable Membrane

A

Cell membrane that prevents large and/or highly charged molecules from passing, while allowing smaller and/or non-charged molecules to pass.

77
Q

Soma

A

Cell body

78
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS.

79
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Processes sensory information from the body.

80
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Midbrain structure that produces dopamine.

81
Q

Sulcus (Plural: Sulci)

A

Depressions/grooves in the cerebral cortex.

82
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Involved in stress related functions.

83
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Small gap between two neurons where communication occurs.

84
Q

Synaptic Vesicle

A

Storage sight for neurotransmitters.

85
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Part of the cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains the auditory cortex.

86
Q

Terminal Button

A

Axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles.

87
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory relay for the brain.

88
Q

Threshold of Excitation

A

Level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active

89
Q

Thyroid

A

Secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite.

90
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A

Midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; associated with mood, reward, and addiction.

91
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Important for speech comprehension.

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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