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AP Psychology > Unit 3 - Development and Learning > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Development and Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Accommodation

A

Adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known

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2
Q

Adrenarche

A

Maturing of the adrenal glands

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3
Q

Advance Directive

A

A written legal document that details what specific interventions a living person wants.

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4
Q

Assimilation

A

Adjustment of schema by adding information similar to what is already known.

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5
Q

Authoritarian Parenting Style

A

Parenting style characterized by high demand of conformity and obedience that is typically inflexible, and little warmth is shown to the child.

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6
Q

Authoritative Parenting Style

A

Parenting style characterized by reasonable demands and consistency alongside listening to the views of the child, with parents expressing warmth for the child.

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7
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

Child does not use parent as a source of security, and little care is shown if adult leaves.

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8
Q

Cognitive Empathy

A

Ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others.

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9
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; children here are 7-11 years old, and can think logically about concrete/real events.

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10
Q

Conservation

A

Idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed

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11
Q

Continuous Development

A

View that development is a continuous process and that they gradually improve on existing skills.

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12
Q

Critical (Sensitive) Period

A

Time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop.

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13
Q

Developmental Milestone

A

Approximate ages where development reaches an unique stage.

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14
Q

Discontinuous Development

A

View that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages.

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15
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

Odd behavior when around parent, seen most often with children who are abused.

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16
Q

Egocentrism

A

Preoperational child’s difficulty in understanding the perspectives of others.

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17
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

Newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family

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18
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

Usage of fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions.

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19
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

Final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations.

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20
Q

Gonadarche

A

Maturing of the sex glands.

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21
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

Use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs.

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22
Q

Health Care Proxy

A

A legal document that appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for a patient if they are unable to speak for themselves.

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23
Q

Hospice

A

Service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting.

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24
Q

Living Will

A

Same as Advance Directive.

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25
Q

Menarche

A

Beginning of the menstrual period.

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26
Q

Motor Skills

A

Ability to move the body and manipulate objects.

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27
Q

Newborn Reflexes

A

Inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with

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28
Q

Normative Approach

A

Study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones

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29
Q

Object Permanence

A

Idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists.

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30
Q

Permissive Parenting Style

A

Parenting style characterized by parents making few demands with very little punishment.

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31
Q

Placenta

A

Structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby

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32
Q

Prenatal Care

A

Medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus

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33
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically.

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34
Q

Primary Sexual Characteristics

A

Organs specifically needed for reproduction

35
Q

Psychosexual Development

A

Process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life

36
Q

Psychosocial Development

A

Domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships
Process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood

37
Q

Resistant Attachment

A

Characterized by the child’s tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when they attempt to interact with the child

38
Q

Reversibility

A

Principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition

39
Q

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

A

Physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs

40
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore

41
Q

Secure Base

A

Parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as they explore their surroundings

42
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

First stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior.

43
Q

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

A

Social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years.

44
Q

Spermache

A

First male ejaculation.

45
Q

Stage of Moral Reasoning

A

Process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional

46
Q

Temperament

A

Innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment.

47
Q

Teratogen

A

Biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

48
Q

Uninvolved Parenting Style

A

Parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands

49
Q

Acquisition

A

Period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response.
Pavlovs Dogs:
Neutral Stimulus: Bell
Unconditioned Stimulus: Food
Conditioned Response: Salivation

50
Q

Associative Learning

A

Form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning).

51
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior.

52
Q

Cognitive Map

A

Mental picture of the layout of the environment.

53
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Response caused by the conditioned stimulus.

54
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

Stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

55
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.

56
Q

Extinction

A

Decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus.

57
Q

Fixed Interval Reinforcement Schedule

A

Behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.

58
Q

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule

A

Behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.

59
Q

Higher-order Conditioning

A

Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

60
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it.

61
Q

Law of Effect

A

Behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged.

62
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior.

63
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

64
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

Stimulus that does not initially elicit a response.

65
Q

Observational Learning

A

Type of learning that occurs by watching others.

66
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

67
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

Rewarding behavior only some of the time

68
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior.

69
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

70
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

Has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex).

71
Q

Radical Behaviorism

A

Staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations.

72
Q

Reinforcement

A

Implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior.

73
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

Has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

74
Q

Shaping

A

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

75
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

76
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Ability to respond differently to similar stimuli.

77
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

78
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A

Natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus.

79
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.

80
Q

Variable Interval Reinforcement Schedule

A

Behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed.

81
Q

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

A

Number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded.

82
Q

Vicarious Punishment

A

Process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior

83
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement

A

Process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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