Unit 5: Industrialization-Jackson Flashcards
jacksonian democracy, indian removal act, 2nd national bank, industrial revolution, nullification crisis
patenting
congress allowing people to own work incentivized people to continue inventing
state governments funded ? total funds for canals
3/4 funds for canals (bonus: 1/2 capital for rail network)
developmental efforts/new ventures were mainly financed by
- government funds raised through taxation
- then placed under private control
the gov-private relationship
public policy reflected widespread confidence in private enterprise. however, it needed spurring to carry out large-scale development projects
how did govt promote industrial growth
- erecting tariffs to protect domestic
- creating new legal arrangements
- stimulate release of economic energy
- building schools to educate labor force
families were moving to
places with work (especially seen with hands-on, factory, mill jobs)
1816 republican party beliefs
(protectionists)
clamoring for protective duties on certain foreign goods
leaders of protectionists
those who invested in:
- new england textile mills
- pennsylvania iron smelters
when the embargo & war choked off european supplies.
- hemp growers of kentucky
- wool growers of ohio and vermont
- southerners & westerners who hoped to promote industry or expand domestic market
protectionists believed that britain was…
- seeking to dispose of war surpluses
- it was suggested their items were even being sold for a loss
- forcing small industries in america to close doors
- working to wreck the american economy
infant industries
fragile industry still developing that needed to the tender care of America’s federal govt (hiding behind a tariff wall)
north vs south canals
- northern canals facilitated east-west traffic
- lake eerie
- no considerable network in south
- northern had superiority in following civil war
eli whitney (1793)
- system of interchangeable parts (helped with mass production, process of assembly)
- less need for skilled workers
- cotton gin
samuel slater (1790)
- brought plans for a cotton mill from england
oliver evans (1804)
- high pressure steam engine
- applied to mills, printing presses
- techniques of mass production in flour mills
immigration vs total resident pop
- immigration population was erratic
- total resident population was smoothly increasing
gibbons v ogden (1824)
- supreme court overturned ny state law that gave Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston monopoly
- this was done by Chief Justice Marshall ruling trade fell under sway of commerce clause of constitution
- congress gained controlling powers. they issued licenses on non-exclusive basses, ending waterway monopolies.
within a year, 43 steamboats were plying odgen’s rule
marshall court defining interstate commerce
- defined broadly
- expanded federal powers over economy while limiting states ability
dartmouth college v woodward (1819)
protected sanctity of contracts against states
“if business is to prosper, men must have assurance that contracts will be enforced” - marshall
commercial capitalists investment
- couldn’t invest in commercial enterprises during embargo & war of 1812
- found opportunity to invest to early factories
gov (compared to cc) investment
- invested into canals, railroads, manufacturing firms
- subsequently boosted the early factory system
1st bank of us closing (1811 lack of rechartering)
- w/o a national bank, hard to pay for war
- government had to deal with many banks
- each multiple & issued their own paper money
state banks
private banks chartered by the state
banking after britain burned washington
- many holders of state bank notes tried to convert them into gold & silver (specie)
- the banks refused due to lacking resources
- the value began plummeting
- bonds of fed. gov sold below face value and national debt soared
chartering of the 2nd BUS
- to deal with economic problems, they rechartered a bank similar to hamilton’s bank of 1791, with larger capital
- 1/5 stock
- appoint 1/5 directions
signing of the new bank bill (2nd bus)
- madison, who once called hamilton’s bank unconstitutional, signed the bank bill on april 10, 1816
- many southerners who hated the old bank changed their tune
john deere steel plow
1837
- allowed farmers to be more efficent
- planting more land
- less labor, less cost
less farm labor means
more industrial/factor labor
samuel f. b. morse telegraph
1840
- uses morse code to communicate
- revolutionized long-distance communication
loom system
machines that helped produce fabric
francis lowell
- started lowell mills (an oft copied system)
- built more factories during war of 1812
- he used “mill girls” who manufactured only one step of the factory to streamline efficiency
samuel slater alt. names
in america: father of the american factory system
in england: slater the traitor
industrial revolution success formula
more factories
+ steam power
+ mass production
= the Industrial Revolution
more factories means
more goods = lower prices
lower prices means
more customer demand
more customer demand means
more money to build more money
cumberland national road
- first major improved highway built by federal gov
- 1811 to 1836
- 1,000 km/620 mile road
- connected the potomac and ohio rivers and was a main transport path to the west for thousands of settlers
lancaster turnpike
- first important turnpike road in america
- first long distance stone and gravel road in the conutry
- 1792-1795
- 62 mile road
- Philadelphia to lancaster and gave travelers an easier way to reach northwest territroy
what happened to lancaster turnpike
turned into a CANAL
the clermont
first working steamboat invented by Robert fulton
steamboats
- more reliable than wind an could go upstream (instead of one way)
- used recently developed steam engines
- traveling up and down the mississippi
before steamboats
- farmer often used barges to bring goods to markets
- one way trips, but steam boats changed that
- they were also much faster
erie canal
1821
- connected Lake Erie to Hudson river
- farmers could ship goods to ny more efficiently and quickly
erie canal specifics
- 50ft wide path thru forests, swamps, and hills
- 40ft wide and 4ft deep ditch, all slightly downhill
- 1/4 workers were irish
erie canal - ny
turned ny into one of america’s biggest cities
steam engines railroads
- created a way to self-propel a train along a track
- 1850, railroad lines crisscrossed america
- faster way to travel, carried the most people, much larger and heavier amounts of goods
most important railroad
New York central (parallel to the Erie Canal)
moving west into the frontier instilled…
independence, self-confidence, individualism, inventiveness, and adaptability
- war of independence and 1812 boosted american nationalism
urbanization
a huge portion of the population moved from rural areas to urban centers
(during industrial revolution)
people moved to cities for
jobs
- better transportation’s and communication increases economy in cities
- all new factories offered jobs
factory job demand
- was caused by lack of skilled labor
- better interconnected country, transportation increased economy
- economic growth creates jobs
patent act 1836
introduced a new patent numbering system, required the examination of patents prior to granting them, and established a corps of professional patent examiners to do so
limited liability (legality)
if invested in corp, you can’t lose more than your portion invested
commonwealthh v hunt
ruled that labor unions were no longer illegal conspiracies
who was working…?
- young single women
- children
- european immigrants
poor working conditions
- long hours
- dangerous machines
- factory fires
- respiratory problems
- no days off, people were replaceable
women were expected to be
1) more religious than men
2) pure in heart, mind, and body
3) submissive to their husbands
4) stay at home
irish immigrants (1830-1850)
- irish potato famine
- too poor to move past cities
- unskilled, lived in squalor
- catholic
- “no irish need apply”
german immigrants (1830-1850)
- civil unrest and undemployment
- skilled workers could afford to move out of cities
- language barrier
- suspicious of americans stayed separate (preserved language and culture)
- protestant
know nothing party (nativism)
- rallied for political action
- wanted rigid restriction on immigration
- deportation of alien poor
- attacked catholic schools
- feared heterogeneous society
- ethnocentrist
age of the common man / era of jacksonian democracy
1829-1837
- jackson’s presidency
jackson vs adams overall
jackson won popular votes and electoral votes but lost the election
1824 political state
- bitterly contested and divisive presidential election
- old congressional caucus system had broken down
4 candidates from democratic republicans party of jefferson
- john quincy adams
- henry clay
- william crawford
- andrew jackson
election of 1824 details
- house reps had to choose a president among the top 3 candidates
- Henry clay used influence to provide John Quincy adams of MA enough votes to win the election
- after, he appointed him secretary of state
pres john quincy adams
- alienated followers of Jackson
- internal improvemnets, manufacturing, national university, etc
- jackson thought these were a waste of money
revolution of 1828
- adams sought re-election in 1828
- jacksonians used discontent of southerners and westerners to sweep “old hickory”/Jackson into office
- they smeared adam’s, accused Adam’s wife being born out of wedlock
- supports of adams retaliated by doing the same
- the smearing campaign attracted attention and thus voters
election of 1828 results
- jackson won
- carrying every state west of appalichians
- reputation as a war hero accounted for his victory more than the positions he took on
jackson’s image
- representative of all people
- protector of common man against abuses of power by the rich and privileged
jackson veto #
12 bills vetoed, more than all 6 preceding presidents combined
jackson’s closest advisers
kitchen cabinet, which upon reformation made the appointed cabinet have less influence on policy
peggy eaton affair
- the wife of Jacksons’ secretary of war was the target of malicious gossip
- Jackson tried to force the cabinet wives to accept Peggy socially, and they all #RESIGNED
peggy eaton affair implications
- resignation of jackson’s VP John c, calhoun a year later
- Martin van buren instead was loyal for the rest of the crisis
indian removal act (1830)
- jackson sympathized with land hungry citizens
- signed the removal act to force resettlement of many thousands of american indians
- 1835, most had relocated
- bureau of indian affairs were created to assist
georgia laws on indig
- passed laws requiring Cherokees to migrate to the west
cherokee nation vs georgia (1831)
- Supreme Court ruled Cherokees were not a foreign nation with a right to sue in federal court
worcester v Georgia (1832)
- a high court ruled that the laws of georgia had no force in the Cherokee territory
- state law vs federal courts, jackson sided with states
- court was powerless to enforce decision without president support
trail of tears
- cherokees repudiated the settlement of 1835
- 1838, after Jackson left office, the us army forced 15k Cherokees to leave georgia
- the hardships caused death of 4k cherokees
nullification theory
- 1828 sc legislature declared tariff unconstitutional
- nullification theory advanced by John c calhoun
- each state had the right to decide whether or not to obey federal law
daniel webster
- massachusetts
- attacked the idea that any state could defy or leave the union
robert hayne
- south carolina
- argued for the right of states
“Our federal Union, it must preserved”
- Jackson at a political dinner
“The Union, next to our liberties, most dear!”
- Calhoun responding to president jackson
1832 increased tensions
- sc increased tensions by holding a special convention to nullify hatred of 188 & to create a new tariff
- convention passed a resolution forbidding collection of tariffs within the state
proclamation of the people of south carolina
- Jackson, responding against the convention, told the secretary of war to prepare the military
- he persuaded congress to pass the force bill
- the proclamation to the people of South Carolina stating that nullification and disunion were treason
jackson’s militant supports
- jackson’s strong defense of federal authority forced the militant advocates of state rights to defeat
- militant SOUTHERNERS had jackson’s supports
jackson opposition to antislavery efforts
- president shared southerners alarm about growing antislavery movement
- executive power to stop antislavery literasture
- southern jacksonians trusted that Jackson would not extend democracy to African americans
jackson bank veto
- jackson believed bank of us was unconstitutional
- he thought it abused powers and served the interests of the wealthy
- thought the bank was a private monopoly hat enriched the wealthy a “hydra of corruption”
nicholas biddle
- the bank president
- biddle’s arrogance contributed to popular negative suspcion
henry clay
jackson’s chief political opponents
henry clay vs Jackson with bank
- Henry clay favored the bank
- 1832 (election year) clay challenged Jackson by persuading a majority in congress to pass a bank recharter bill
- Jackson vetoed it
robert hayne
- south carolina
- argued for rights of states
“our federal union, it must be preserved”
- jackson
- at toast at politcal dinner
“the union, next to our liberties, most dear”
- calhoun in response to jackson
calhoun south carolina convention
1832
- held a special convention to nullify hated of 1828 tariff and new tariff of 1832
- convention passed a resolution forbidding collection of tariffs within the state
Jackson reaction to convention
- told secretary of war to prepare the military
- py6ersuaded congress to pass force bill
- gave authority to act against south carolina
Jackson defense of militants
- strong defense of federal authority forced militant advocates of STATES RIGHTS to retreat
- militant southerners had Jacksons support
jackson and antislavery efforts
- he used executive powers to stop antislavery movements and literature
- southern jacksonians trusted he would not extend democracy to aas
Jackson thoughts on the bank
- thought it abused powers and only served wealth interests
- believed it was unconstitutional
- thought it enriched wealthy and foreigners at the expense of a common people
- hydra of corruption
nicholas biddle
- banks president
- managed it effectively
- his arrogance contributed to suspicion
Henry clay
- jackson’s chief political opponent
- favored the bank
Henry clay vs Jackson, bank
- 1832, clay challenged Jackson by persuading congress to pass a bank recharter bill
- Jackson vetoed it
- voters backed Jackson who won re-election with more than 3/4 of electoral vote
supporters of jackson
“democrats”
- decmoratic party backed democratic republicans of jefferson
supporters of henry clay
“whigs”
- resembled Federalist Party of hamilton
- supported federal funding for internal improvements
democrats and whigs were challenged to respond to
relentless westward expansion of the nation and the emergence of an industrial economy
jackson’s second term
he won relection in 1832
- wanted to destroy the bank of united states
pet banks
jackson attacked the BUS by withdrawing all federal funds
- aided by secretary of treasury Roger Taney, he transferred the funds to various state banks
- pet banks were named by critics
specie circular
as a result of jackson’s financial policies
- prices for land and various goods became greatly inflated
- Jackson tried to check the inflationary trend by issuing the species circular
- required that all future purchased of federal lands be made in specie (gold and silver) rather than paper banknotes
aftermath of specie circular
- banknotes lost their value and land sales plummeted
- right after Jackson left, a financial crisis (panic of 1837) plunged the economy into depression
jackson’s “legacy”
- he did not seek a third term
- made sure his policies were carried out in retirement by persuading the Democratic Party to nominate his VP Martin van buren
whig party after Jackson stepped down
- adopted the unusual strategy of nominating 3 candidates from 3 diff regions
- hoped to throw the election into the house of reps
- each state had one vote in the selection of president
- they failed: van burned took 58% of the vote
DEMOCRAT BELIEFS
- opposed national bank
- opposed protective tariffs
- opposed federal spending for internal imprvoements
- concerned about high land prices
- concerned about monpolies
WHIGS BELIEFS
- supported national bank
- supported protective tariff
- support federal spending for internal improvements
- concerned about immigration crime
DEMOCRATIC BASE OF VOTER SUPPORT
- the south and west
- urban workers
WHIG BASE OF VOTER SUPPORT
- New England and the mid-atlantic states
- urban professionals
van buren takes office
- country suffered a financial panic as bank after bank closed doors
- Jackson opposition to rechartering of BUS was one of many causes of economic depression
- whigs blamed democrats for their laissez-faire economics (little federal involvement in the economy)
election of 1840
- whigs were in a strong position to defeat van buren
- voters were unhappy with the state of the economy
- 78% of eligible white amles cast their ballots
- Harrison & Tyler took 53% of popular votes
- they won electoral votes in north, south, and west
- this established whigs as a national party
whig 1840 election strat
- used popular war hero William Henry “tippecanoe” Harrison
- symbolized & emphasized his humble origins (log cabins, hard cider, etc)
- named called Martin van ruin & labeled him as an aristocrat
harrison’s death
- died of pneumonia less than a month after taking office
his accidency
- John Tyler
- first VP to succeed to presidency
- he wasn’t much of the whig – he vetoed national bank bills and other legislation and favored southern acne expansionist democrats during the balance of his term
exodus
by 1850, most amierican Indians were living west of the Mississippi River
great plains
provided a temporary respite from conflict with white settlers
- flat, grasslands
- violent mother nature
concept of the frontier
shifted from generation to generation
- represented the possibility of a fresh start for those willing to venture there
- beckoned as a place promising greater freedom for all ethnic groups
land from the government
1862 homestead act: 160 cares of land to any citizen head of household
railraods received 10 square miles of land per mile of track from government -> sold to make more $$
cyrus mccormick
1834
mechanical reaper
- harvested more grain, less effort
mass movement pull factors
- homestead act
- fertile land
- gold rush
- railroad (jobs)
mass movement push factors
- poverty
oregon county
upper left (washington area)
- treaty with great britain (1846)
mexican cession
cali-new mexico
- treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo (1848)
lousiana purcahse
middle of Oregon country, Mexican cession &&& “additional territory”
- france, 1803
texas annecation
- texas, trailing up Mexican cession
- 1845
west florida annexation
west of florida
1810 and 1813
additional territory
between Louisiana purchase & 13 colonies
- treaty of Paris with Great Britain, 1783
east florida purchase
- florida!!!
- adams onis treaty with spain, 1819
new lands
(1845) annexation of texas
(1846) oregon territory
(1848) treaty of guadalupe hidalgo
(1853) gadsden purchase
texas foundation
1823, newly independent Mexico wants to attract anglo settlers
- Stephen Austin brings 300 families
santa ann
(1834) santa anna (dictator who ends democracy in Mexico)
- tries to convert texas settlers catholics and enforce Mexican laws
sam houston
1836
- declares texas an independent republic
- initiates the battle of Alamo / battle of san jacinto
- santa anna agrees to terms of surrender but legislature does not
texas’s annexation denied
TLDR: Jackson, Van Buren and Tyler All want to Annex Texas but they do not have congressional support
- Jackson and van buren deny annexation of texas because of northern opposition
- William Harrison dies around now
- tyler, a southern whig, wants to annex texas, but does not have congressional support
president list
- washington
- adams
- jefferson
- Madison
- monroe
- jqa
- Jackson
- van buren
- Harrison
- Tyler
- James k polk
expansionist
- texas to be added to us
- pro slavery
anti-annexation
- too politically dangerous
- Jackson and mob ignore issue because they knew it would reprise a slavery debate
- voted down in senate
texas annexation
- once texas won independence expansionists wanted to annex it
- typically pro slavery southerners because they wanted another slave state in the union
election of 1844
- americans are clamoring for new territory (manifest destiny)
- van buren vs john c calhoun
- > instead, James k polk is picked by democrats
James k polk
speaker of the house, governor of tn
- pro manifest destiny
- pro annexation of texas
- election of polk signals to John Tyler that us is ready for texas
- Tyler annexes and leaves cleanup for polk
oregon territory dispite
- claim to Oregon territory by spain, england, us, and Russia
- spain left after adams onis treaty
- russia no physical presence
- england vs us
Oregon territory dispute resolution
- polk dropped 54°40’ demands
- compromise at the 49th parallel (1846)
- northerners were upset about losing territory above 49th parallel (loss of free state)
- conflict starting with Mexico in southwest, congress does not want conflict with british
oregon fever
after convention of 1818, americans began moving west along the oregon trail to settle in the pacific nw
- britain and us jointly occupied land
- economic opportunity
- oregon trail
James k polk promised to gain
texas
oregon territory 54°40’ or Fight!
california
henry clay was just “who is James k. polk?”
what did polk victory mean?
- mandate for texas annexation
- Tyler pushed for a joint resolution in congress
- Mexican government broke off relations as they never recognized texan independence and saw annexation as interference with interests
mexican war
- american troops to southern border of tx (general Zachary Taylor)
- congress authorizes war after fighting broke out
- us & Mexico both claimed the same territory
- us claimed the southern boundary was rio grande, Mexicans claimed it was the nueces river
cause of Mexican war
- spring of 1846, polk set troops lead by general Zachary Taylor to the southern border of texas
- this came off as an invasion of Mexico and they opened fire!
declaration of war against mexico
may 1846
pro Mexican war stances
- southerners
- pro citizens
- manifest destiny (it would happen anyway)
anti mexican war stance
- northerners
- feared that slavery would be brought over
- called the initiation of war unconstitutional because polk started the war and not congress
treaty of guadalupe hidalgo (1848)
- us paid Mexico $15 mkil
- us gained ca, nm, az ut, nv
- rio grande determined as south border of US
wilmot proviso
amendment to bill 1846
- proposed by david wilmot of pa
- trying to bar slavery from territory in meixco
- was hoping to settle the extension of slavery before the war ended to prevent conflict between north and south
debate over wilmot proviso
sectional
north: 14 states supported
- rallying cry for abolitionists
south: slavery is acceptable (bible)
- states rights
-> proviso didn’t pass
slavery impact on politics
- election of 1848 contested over slavery
- candidates: lewis case, Zachary Taylor, mvb
lewis cass
- ran on platform of popular sovereignty
- people of the states/territories should vote whether they be a slave or free state
Zachary Taylor
-military hero, southern slaveholder
- supported extensions of slavery
- won 1848 election, but popular sovereignty would play a key role in conflict in 1850s
Martin van buren (1848)
- third party candidate
- bringing the end to slavery
john sidell
- dispatched as special envoy
1) persuade Mexico to seek California and New Mexico territories - settle disputed Mexican texas border
sidle failed on both counts. while waiting for his return, the us moved their art forward and fell into conflcit
general Stephen kearny
- lead a force never exceeding 1.5k
- took new mexico & southern california
John c fremont
backed by settlers, soldiers, etc, he overthrew Mexican rule in Northern California
- proclaimed it to be an independent republic
bear flag repbulic
John c fremont overthrew Mexican rule in the region in June 1846
- named it that because the new republics flag included a California’s grizzly bear
gadsden purchase
tract of land purchased by the us after Mexican american war
1) acquire land for railroad
2) designed to decrease tensions between the us and mexico
3) inflamed north south tensions in us
