Market Revolution Flashcards
public policies & government
- reflected widespread confidence in private enterprise
- determined private enterprise needed spurring for development projects
- promoted industrial growth, stimulate economy and built infrastructure
families were moving because
of hopes for industry/mill based jobs. (new england farm moving to a mill village)
postwar congress reflected
democratic republican needs for government intervention to protect rising american businesses from cheap british competition
protectionists believed
- british were plotting to wreck the american economy and called for a tariff
- american’s ‘infant industries’ needed the care of federal governments
northern vs southern infastructure
- canals mainly facilitated east-west traffic, esp. along lake erie
- the south had no comparable network
- thus there was a disparity between the two in the civil war
1793, eli whitney
- system of interchangeable parts, accelerating a process of assembly
1790, samuel slater
brought the plans for a cotton mill by memory from england
1804, oliver evans
- developed a high-pressure steam engine which was applied to mills and printing presses
- experimented with techniques of mash production for flour mills
population vs immigration
- the number of immigration rose from 1820 to 1860, but was erratic and often spiked/dropped
- from 1820-1860, the total resident population grew and much more consistently
rise in immigration population
contributed to economic growth and industrialization because they could bring ideas from outside the country as well as take on jobs.
marshall court promoted
-business enterprise
- original federalist beliefs
federal judiciary (1824)
- supreme court overturned a new york state law that gave (Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston) a monopoly
- marshall had ruled trade fell under the sway of the commerce clause of the constitution
- congress, NOT ny controlled power
- federal government issued licenses on a nonexclusive basis
- decision ended monopolies on waterways throughout the nation
- within a year, 54 steamboats were plying ogden’s rule
odgen’s rule
- congress has the power to “regulate commerce”
- federal law takes precedence over state laws
dartmouth college vs woodward (1819)
- marshall court expanded federal power over economy while limiting the ability of states to control economic activity within their borders
- protected sanctity of contracts against interference by the states
divergence in state & commercial priorities
- commercial capitalists (who couldn’t invest in commerical enterprises during the embargo & war of 1812) found an opportunity to put their money into early factories
- the state govt. & (to a lesser degree), fed govt. invested into infastructure (canals, banks, railroads) & manufacturing firms
bank of the us
- closed doors in 1811
- state banks (private banks chartered by states) multiplied and issued their own paper
- there was no national currency
bank of us during the war
- it was difficult for the nation to pay for the war
- many holders of state bank notes tried to convert to gold & silver as the banks had promised
- the banks lacked these specle and thus the value declined.
- bonds of fed govt. sold below face value and national debt soared
rechartering the bank
- similar to hamilton’s bank, but with larger capital
- govt would hold 1/5 of the stock and name 1/5 of the directors
- southern statesmen who argued against hamilton’s bank now changed their tune
- madison signed the new bank bill on April 10, 1816
john deere steel plow
1837
- allowed farmers to be much more efficent
- increased crop yields
- planting more land
- reduced cost of planting
- lead to increased production
- less employees needed
need for farm labor decreasing…
workers out of jobs, go to factories instead
interchangeable parts
eli whitney
- beginning of mass production
- less need for skilled workers
samuel f. b. morse’s telegraph (1840)
use morse code to communicatec
cotton mills
producing cotton thread by machine in a factory
loom system
machines that helped produce fabric
“mill girls”
- women were typically employed as mill workers over men
samuel slater
- brought textile tech to the us
- called “father of the american factory system” in us
- called “slater the traitor” in england because he brought english textile production tech to america
francis lowell
- started lowell mills, an oft copied system
- used mill girls (young unmarried girls)
- manufacturing only one step, making lowell’s system more effective
lowell & other investors built factories during
war of 1812
industrial revolution
‘formula’
more factories + steam power + mass production = industrial revolutino
more factories =
more goods = lower prices
lower price =
more customer demand
more customer demand =
more $$ to built factory
cumberland national road
- thomas jefferson
- first major approved highway
- 620 miles, potomac-ohio rivers
- main transport path to the west for thousands of settlers
lancaster turnpike
- first important turnpike (toll road)
- first long-distance stone and gravel road
- 62 miles from philadelphia to lancaster
- easy route to northwest territory
lancaster turnpike was later replaced by a
canal
problems with water travel
only one way
- farmers could take their goods down current but had to walk up
the steamboat
- was created using recently developed steam engines to sail boats against the current
- steamboats were traveling up and down Mississippi River carrying ppl and goods
- quicker and more reliable than rafts
the clermont
first working steamboat by robert fulton in 1807
erie canal (1812)
- connected lake erie to hudson river
- farmers could ship goods to ny quicker
- cut through 50 ft wide path
- 1/4 workers irish
- turned ny into one of america’s biggest cities
canals
- travel by water was cheaper and quicker
- canals linked western farms to Northern cities
railroads
- almost used steam engine to revolutionize this
- created a way to self-propel a train along a track
- trains were the fastest way to travel and could carry more people & things faster than ever
most important rail line
- new york central, parallel to erie canal
great migration west
- 1824, erie canal offered a route from new england and new york into lake erie
- many took steamboats from new orleans up the mississippi
- the success of the war of independence and 1812 established american nationalism
- moving west into frontier instilled independence, confidence, individualism, and adaptability
urbanization
a huge portion of population moved from rural areas to urban centers
why are people moving to the city
- jobs (unskilled, easy access)
- better transportation and communication = increased economy in cities
legalities
- patent act (1836)
- limited liability
- commonwealth v hunt
limited liability
- if invested in corp, can’t lose more than your portion invested
commonwealth v hunt
labor unions are no longer illegal conspiracies
who was working
- (young single) women
- children
- european immigrants
poor working conditions
-long hours
-dangerous machines
-factory fires
-respiratory problems
-cant take a day off in fear position will be filled
cult of domesticity
women in 1800s should be
1) more religious than men
2) pure in heart, mind, and body
3) submissive to their husband
4) stay at home
first wave of immigrants
1830s-1850s
- irish vs germans
irish immigrants
- irish potato famine
- too poor to move past cities
- unskilled, lived in squalor
- catholic
- “no irish need apply”
german immigrants
- civil unrest and unemployment
- protestant
- skilled workers, could afford to move out of cities
- language barriers
- suspicious of americans, stayed separate (preserved language and culture)
nativism: know nothing party
- nativists rally for political action
- wanted rigid restrictions on immigration
- deportation of alien poor
- attacked catholic schools
- feared heterogeneous society
- ethnocentrism
