FINALS! (1789-1875) Flashcards
washington’s presidency appointments
1789
- secretary of treasury: hamilton
- secretary of state: jefferson
- secretary of war: henry knox
hamilton (federalist) financial plan
1) congress assumes states debts (opposed by Madison, settled by putting capitol in DC)
2) protective tariff & 8% excise whiskey tax
3) national bank
judiciary act of 1789
1789
establishes supreme court (1 chief justice, 5 associate justices)
- obliged to rule one constitutionality
- John jay was the 1st chief of justice
proclamation of neutrality
1793
debate about the french revolution involvement
they decide to not get involved
jefferson resigns
the jay treaty
1794
- british outposts on western frontiers were made to leave
- impressment of us seamen into british naval service unfortunately continues…
battle of fallen timbers
1794
- last major conflict of northwest territories between us and natives
- treaty of greenville procured ohio
whiskey rebellion
1794
- a violent tax protest in western pennyslvania
- washington sends 15k militiamen
the pinckney treaty
1795
spain opens new orleans port to trade
spain opens mississippi river
concedes northern florida
they were worried the us was getting too close to britain
washington’s farewell address
1796
- don’t get involved in european affairs
- don’t make “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs
- don’t form into political parties
- don’t fall into sectionalism
post-washington political parties
federalists vs democratic republicans
early federalists beliefs
- national government
- strongest, richest
- banking, manufacturing, trade
- urban northeast
early democratic republican beliefs
- states rights
- ordinary people
- farmers
- rural south and west
john adams presidency
1796
both house and senate are federalist dominated
thomas jefferson runner up & VP
xyz affair
1797
france saw jay treaty as a violation of french-american alliance
adams sent men, but they were told talks could only continue if:
- americans loaned france 10 million
- paid a bribe of 250k
quasi war
1797
america refused france’s monetary conditions
france impressed american ships to prevent american england trade
alien & sedition acts
1798
adams was criticized for xyz affair by DR newspapers, blamed the papers & new immigrants for his falling rep
1) waiting period to become a citizen went for 5->14 years
2) he could arrest an deport aliens during wartimes
4) writing false/harmful things became illegal and newspaper editors were consistently arrested
virginia & kentucky resolutions
1798
- response to alien and sedition acts
- claimed right to nullify/void acts b/c of unconstitutionality
election of 1800
1800
john adams + thomas pinckney
vs
thomas jefferson
“revolution of 1800 – thomas jefferson wins, ushers in DR leadership”
midnight judges
1801
in john adams final days of presidency he:
- appointed 58 people to gov positions
- appointed federal judge
- appointed chief justice john marshall (1801-1835)
- appointed marbury to justice of peace in DC
marbury v madison
1801-1803(decision)
marbury sues using the supreme court (write of mandamus)
- judiciary act of 1789 gave no provisions for procedures of any courts, leaving it to congress to decide
- marbury won the case but never got his appointed position
marshall, a federalist, ruled against federalism, but established the judicial review and strengthened the central gov
marbury v madison ruling
1803
1) congress cannot pass laws contrary to constitution
2) the role of the judicial system is to interpret what the constitution permits
3) judicial act of 1789 becomes first act to be partially invalidated by supreme court
judiciary act of 1801
1801
federalists last stand
created 13 new federal judgeships
louisiana purchase
1803
james monroe sent to france to by new orleans from napolean
instead gets offered the entire thing (15 mil –> 250 mil)
power to purchase new territory was not listed in constitution
resparked debate about strict vs implied power
election of 1804
1804
burr doesn’t run again
jefferson wins, takes credit for louisiana purcahse
barbary pirates
sometime along 1804-1807
- first international issue: barbary pirates off n african coast
- washington & adams paid tributes to pirates, demanded higher from jefferson
- jefferson refused to pay and sent small fleet
non importation act
1806
banned british manufacturing
the embargo act
1807
impressment of sailors increased as britain & france headed back to war
jefferson wanted to avoid war by limiting trade (economic deterrence)
this backfires, kills us econ
embargos
official ban on trade o r other commercial activity with a particular country
britain and france head back to war
1807
they fight indirectly
england closed French ports to foreign shipping unless the ships first stopped at English ports
france ordered seizure of US ships into british ports
chesapeake-leopard affair
1807
skirmish between british warships (leopard) and
us warship (chesapeake)
several americans were killed
election of 1808
1808
jefferson could run for re election but endorses Madison instead
madison sweeper from federalists
non importation act, madison
1809
madison replaces embargo act with non importation act
resumption of war trade with the exclusion of trade w/ gb & france
macon’s bill #2
1810
restores trade with gb and france
if either repealed shipping restrictions, america would refuse to trade with the other
war of 1812
1812
britain (+ france) wasn’t respecting america’s sea trade
americans blamed british for shawnee brothers trying to unite tribes west of mississippi
DRs known as war hawks continually pushed the idea that war w/ Britain was the only rational choice
1812 political ideas
1812
quids: old DRs: criticized wars
war hawks: DRs that said war with Britain was the only rational choice
defeat of napoleon in europe
1814
enabled british to increase forces
in the us: they set fire to the white house and tried to take baltimore
! fort mchenry held out: birth of the star spangled banner !
battle of horsehoe bend
1814
@ the south
jackson ended the power of brtiains creeks
they killed native americans and opened land for white settlers
british tried to gain control for he mississippi bridge but was stopped by jackson
2 weeks later: the treaty of ghent
treaty of ghent
1814
halted fighting in the war of 1812:
- returned all conquered territory
- recognized pre-war boundaries between us and canada
- ratified by the state, said nothing about grievances leading to the war
- britain made no concessions about impressments, blockades, etc
era of good feelings
1815-1825
single party politics: DR
contentious debate:
- tariffs, national banks, internal improvement
- DR began to fracture
tariff of 1816
1816
protective tariff
taxing imports to drive up prices of imported goods
trying to protect manufacturers
henry clay’s american system
1817
1) tariffs: protection from european industry (now that war is over)
2) internal improvements: building infrastructure
3) national bank: keep the system running smoothly
( greatly vetoed by madison & monroe)
jackson invades florida
1818
runaway slaves went to florida
creek (seminole) native americans went to florida and attacked georgia settlers
- spain isn’t controlling its borders
- 1818 jackson troops destroyed villages (sezied spanish settlements, removed spanish governors for power)
convention of 1818
1818
us & gb agree to joint occupation of oregon @ the 49th parallel
adams-onis treaty
1819
all of florida is given to the us
finalized western border of louisiana purchase
missouri comrpomise
1820
11 free states vs 11 slave states
missouri applies for statehood as a slave state
1) admit missouri as a slave holding state
2) admit maine as a free state
3) prohibit slavery int he rest of the LP above 36’60º
erie canal
1821
connected lake eerie to the hudson river
farmers could ship goods to ny more effectively
monroe doctrine
1823
us foreign policy originated by president james monroe
any intervention by external powers in the politics of the us is a hostile act
- monroe promises he will keep europe from interfering w western republics
background of monroe doctrine
pre-1823
- end of napoleonic wars establishes monarch war
- several republic in south america appear
- spanish want to re-establish colonial holdings
british and america want to keep euoprean powers out
join together to protect america from europe
- notably, america makes md w/o having britain co-sign
election of 1824
1824
era of good feelings ends in political bad feelings
4 candidates from DR:
- jqa
- henry clay
- william crawford
- andrew Jackson
jackson won popular votes, but lost in electoral college
- henry clay used influence to provide jqa with votes
- jqa appointed henry clay sec. of state
tariff of abominations
1828
a new tariff that satisfied northern manufacturers but alienated southern planters who called it the tariff of abominations
revolution of 1828
1828
used “old hickory” campaigns to get Jackson in office
- Jackson & adams ran smear campaigns against each other
- Jackson won with every state west of appalachians
peggy eaton affair
1828
wife of jackson’s secretary of war was the target of malicious gossip
Jackson tried to force the cabinet wives to accept her
- most of the cabinet resigned
- jackson’s VP resigned
- was succeeded by a loyal MVB
indian removal act
1830
jackson sympathizes with settlers who want to take Native American land
thought it was “humane” to resettle them west
mccormick mechanical reaper
1831
used by farmers to harvest crops mechanically
cherokee nation vs georgia (1831)
1831
georgia passed laws requiring cherokee to migrate
cherokees challenged them in court
ruling declared they were not a foreign nation
worcester vs georgia (1832)
1832
a high court ruled the laws of georgia has no force in cherokee territory
however Jackson sided with georgia and the court could not enforce the decision
calhoun’s south carolina convention
1832
met to:
- nullify the hated 1828 and 1832 tariff bills
- pass a resolution forbidding tariff collection
jackson response to 1832 sc convention
1832
jackson reacted by
- telling the secretary of war to prepare for war
- persuading congress to pass the force bill
- issuing a proclamation to the people of south Carolina
he opened the door for compromise by suggesting congress lower the tariff
south carolina postponed nullification and rescinded it with congress enacted a new tariff
bank recharter
1832
henry clay favored bank
he challenged Jackson with a recharter bill
Jackson vetoed it
- jackson went on to destroy toe boa after this
- he withdrew all federal funds and with the aid of the secretary of treasury roger taney he transferred the funds into pet/state banks
eastern tribes relocation
1835
eastern tributes reluctantly moved left
burea of indian affairs
1836
created to assist resettled tribes
election of 1836
1836
jackson didn’t seek a 3rd term, nominated mvb
whigs:
- nominated 3 candidate from 3 regions
- hoped to throw election to house of reps
- this faile, mvb won 58%
political landscape during election around 1836
democrats (south & west states, urban workers)
- no bank, no tariffs, no fed spendings
whigs (new eland & mid-atlantic states, urban professionals)
- pro bank, pro tariffs, pro internal improvements
panic of 1837
1837
right after Jackson left office
the country suffered a financial panic as banks closed
jackson’s opposition was one oft he main reasons
whigs blamed the democrats for laissez-faire economics
1837 inventions
john deere’s steel plow: increased efficiency and cheapens production
eli whitney interchangeable parts: beginning of mass production
samuel f. b. morse’s telegraph: morse code to communicate
cumberland national road
1811-1837
620 mile road connecting potomac & ohio rivers
main transport path to the west for thousands of settlers
trail of tears
1838
most cherokees rejected the settlement of 1835
1838, after jackson left office, the us army forced 15k cherokees to leave Georgia
- 4,000 cherokees had died
“log cabin and hard cider” campaign of 1840
1840
- whigs were in a strong position to win b/c of dissatisfaction of economy
- war hero william henry “tippecanoe” harrison
they emphasized his humble beginnings
name called MVB
78% of white males voted
harrison + john yyler took 53% of popular vote and most of electoral votes, establishing the whigs as a national party
harrison DIES of pneumonia
1841
john tyler “his accidency” became the first VP to succeed pres
- he was not much of a whig & vetoed their national bank bills & favored southern and expansions democrats during his term
us debate over texas anenxation
1844
expansionist: tx added, pro slavery
anti-annexation: too politically dangerous so jackson and mvb had ignored
- voted down in senate (1844)
election of 1844
1844
americans want new territory
democratic party split; van buren and john c. calhoun
instead, james k. polk is picked.
democrats: polk (speaker of house, governor, gain texas, 54’50º california)
whigs: clay (representative, senator, sec. of state, ‘who is polk?’)
polk’s win tells tyler that us is ready for texas, so he annexes and leaves the rest for polk
james k polk
1845-1849
pro manifest desitny
pro annexation of texas
polk’s victory
1845
tyler pushed for joint resolution in congress (feb 1845) , texas enters as a slave state
mexico breaks relations with us b/c they don’t recognize texan independence
bear flag revolt
1845
cali’s independence from mexico (lead by john c. fremont)
oregon territory dispute
1846
- spain, england, us, and russia outline claims to oregon territory
spain; adams onis
russia; no territorial claims
england vs us
- polk dropped 54’40º demands
- compromise at the 49th parallel
northerners were upset at loss of a possible state
mexican war
1846
american troops to southern border of TX, lead by Zachary Taylor
- us & mexico claimed 2 diff borders
- when us went to their version of territory, mexican govt. saw this as an invasion
congress authorizes war after fighting broke out
“american war on american soil”
wilmot proviso
1846
slavery would not exist in any territories for mexican cession
opinions on mexican war
pro-war:
- protect citiznes
- “manifest destiny”
- southerners
anti-war:
- polk provoked an “unnecessary war”
- thought it was a plot to extend salvery
- northerners
opinions on wilmot proviso
south:
- slavery is acceptable
- bible speaks of it positively
- states rights
north:
- 14 states supported wilmot proviso
- rallying cry for abolitionists
the wilmot proviso fails to pass
treaty of guadalupe hidalgo (1848)
1848
- us paid mexico $15 million
- us gained a, nm, az, ut, nv
- rio grande determined as southern border of us
election of 1848
1848
contested over slavery
1) lewis case (democrat): popular sovereignty
2) zachary taylor (whig): southern slaveowner, neutral
3) MVB (free soil): end slavery
zachary gets elected
gold rush
1849
reinforced manifest desinty
john marshall found gold at salters mill
- word spread quickly
- americans and immigrants came, boosting buisness
- high death rate: murders, sliders, insanity, starvation
california’s anti-slavery constiution
1849
taylor supported admission of california and New Mexico
his plan sparked talks of secession among souther fire-eater radicals
- met in nashville
clayton-bulwer treaty (1850)
1850
- an american ambition was to build a canal through central america
- gb had the same
- this treaty made suer neither of them could take exclusive control
- stayed in force until 1901 hay-pauncefote treaty, giving us premission
henry clay’s 1850 compromise
1850
1) admit cali as a free state
2) divide mexican cession into utah & new mexico (popular sovereignty)
3) give land between texas & new mexico to new territories – fed gov assumes texas’ $10 million public debt
4) ban the slave trade in dc, but they can still own slaves
5) adopt a new fugitive slave law
compromise of 1850 effects
1850
bought time for the union
added to the north’s political power
deepened secession & sectional debates
fugitive slave law
1850
1) removed fugitive cases from state courts to exclusive jurisdiction of the fed. gov
2) authorized by us commissioner to issue warrants for arresting fugitives
3) captured slaves who claimed to be free denied juries
treaty of fort laramine
1851
8 native american groups agreed to specific geographic boundaries
ostend manifesto
1852
president polk offers to buy cuba from spain for $100 million
- spain didn’t want to give the remnants of the empire
- southerners tried but failed to acquire it by force
elected in 1852, franklin pierce secretly dispatched 3 american diplomats to buy cuba
- @ ostend, belgium
- this was leaked
- antislavery members reacted angrily and president pierce dropped the scheme
uncle tom’s cabin
1852
by harriet beecher stowe
radicalized northerners against slave owners
aunt philis cabin
1852
by mary eastment
response to stowe’s writing
portrayed kind slaveowners and happily enslaved people
walker expedition
1853
southern adventurers William walker tried to take baja california
it gained temporary recognition in 1856, but the scheme to develop a proslavery central american empire
- ended when honduran forces (central american countries) invaded and killed him
gadsden purchase
1853
- despite failing to acquire cuba, pierce pushes to buy a small strip of land from mexico
- 10 million!
- semidesert, good for railroads
kansas-nebraska act (1854)
1854
stephen douglas, the sponsor, expected the slavery issue to be settled peacefully
- antislavery farmers from the midwest migrated to kansas
- slaveholders from missouri set up homestead to win control of the south
new england emigrant aid company
1855
organized by northern abolitionists and free-spoilers
paid for transportation of antislavery groups
border ruffian escalation – bleeding kansas
1856
proslavery missourians
- tried to create their own proslavery legislation in lecompton
- attacked the free-soil town of Lawrence
(killed 2, destroyed names & businesses)
- john brown, an abolitionist, retaliated by attacking a proslavery farm (killed 5)
sumner brooks incident
1856
- charles sumner attacked the democratic administration
- butler(who was called out)’s nephew walked into the senate chamber and beat him with a cane
- he never recovered
election of 1856
1856
republicans presented john c. fremont
- no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, & pro-business, protective tariffs
know nothings presented millard fillmore (20%)
democrats nominated james buchanan
- rejected pierce & douglas b/c association to bleeding kansas
democrats won, but republicans made a good showing for sectional party (11/16 free states)
panic of 1857
1857
financial panic causes decrease in prices for agricultural products & decrease in unemployment
cotton prices remained high in the south & was less affected
southerners believed the plantation economy was superior
impending crisis of the south
1857
by hinton r. helper
- attacked slavery from statistical angles
- showed how slavery weakened the south’s economy
they said slavery was backed by the Bible, philosophy, history
compared it to wage slaves in north
lecomptom constitution
1857
buchanan has to decide to accept proslavery constitutions
despite it not having majority support, he tries to pass it
- congress rejects it b/c republicans & democrats rejected it
dred scott v sanford
1857
dred scott: taken to free territory for 2 years, returning to missouri
- he sued for his freedom, reached supreme court in 1857
roger taney ruling:
1) dred scott had no right to sue b/c AA “were not citizens”
2) congress could not deprive ppl of poverty, and slaves were considered property
3) missouri compromise was unconstitutional
stephen douglas campaign
1858
re-election for senator from illinois
vs lincoln a republican candidate
lincoln was practically unknown compared to mr. popular sovereignty
douglas was hailed to be able to save the union if elected
freeport doctrine
1858
- lincoln challenges douglas to reconcile dred scott & popular sovereignty
- douglas responds by saying slavery could not exist if citizens did not pass laws
this angered southern decorates who felt douglas didn’t go far enough to support dred scott rulings’ implications
douglas won reelection but lost ground among southern democrats in the long run
confederate acts
1861
early in the war, slaves were escaping to union lines & general (benjamin butler) refused to return it
- gave the union army power to seize “enemy property” and empowered the president to use the freed in battle
also: freed slaves enslaved by any individual in rebellion against the us
homestead act
1862
160 acres of land to any citizen head of household
railroads received 10 square miles of land from govt. sold to make more $$
battle of antietam
1862
confederates retreated september 22, 1862
lincoln issued warning that states in rebellion states would be free
this only applied to confederate states outside of union control: freed only 1% of slaves
habeas corpus
1862
lincoln focused on the war more than protecting constitutional rights
- he suspended the write of habeas corpus in pro-confederate states
- people could thus be arrested without being informed of charges against them
- 13k people were arrested on suspicion, many without trial
emancipation proclamation
1863
by 1862 lincoln hesitated in freeing all states
1) thought he would alienate pro-union & pro-slavery conservative northerners
2) worried that it would seem desperate
massachusetts 54th regiment
1863
when the union army recruited, ~200k freed aa slaves
- they were segregated into all-black units
- 37k aa soldiers died in “armys of freedom”p
political change in 1863
1863
electoral college continued
secession left republican majorities
north:
radical republicans
free soil republicans
most democrats: supported the war but criticized lincoln’s conduct of it
some democrats: (peace democrats, copperhead) opposed the war, wanted peace
march 1863 conscription act
1863
at first, everyone who fought were volunteers
- this act made all men 20-45 liable for military service
- they could opt out with a $300 fees
poor laborers like Irish and German immigrants were angry, thinking their jobs would be taken by freed slaves
protests against the drafters in nyc turned into a riot against black citizens
117 people were killed before the draft were temporarily suspended
gettysburg address
1863
november 19
- lincoln raised americans to the idea their nation was dedicated to every man being free and equal
national banking system 1863
1863
the union financed the war by borrowing $2.6 billion through government bonds
us treasury issued $430 million in greenbacks, contributing to inflation
- prices in the north rose 80% during the war
- to manage the added revenue, congress created the first national bank since andrew jackson vetoed it in 1830
morrill tariff act (1861)
1861
raising tariff rates to help industrialists
homestead act (1862)
1862
offered parcels of 160 acres of public land
helped many white, but not african americans
morrill land grant act (1862)
1862
federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges
pacific railway act (1862)
1862
building a transcontinental railroad, linking cali & the east
proclamation of amnesty of reconstruction
1863
lincoln set up a process for political reconstruction:
1) full presidential pardons would be granted to confederates who
a) took an oath of allegiance
b) accepted the emancipation of slaves
2) state governments could be re-established if 10% of voters took the loyalty oath
wade-davis bill
1864
- republicans objected to the 10% plan, worrying if it would let reconstructed state govs to be dominated by secessionists
- wade-dais bill required 50% of voters to take loyalty oaths and permitted only non-confederates to vote
lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill
election of 1864
1864
democrat nomination was general george mcclellan
- he called for peace, which was appealing in the midst of war
republicans renamed themselves unionists and picked lincoln and andrew johnson as his running mate
- mcclellan took 45% of the vote, but Lincoln won
freedmen’s bureau
1865
march 1865, congress created the “bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands”
- welfare agency for black and white americans left destitute by the war
- the greatest success was the 3k schools for freepeople and 200k was who were taught to read
- at first, the bureau had authority to resettle freedpeople on confiscated farmlands in the south
andrew johnson reversed this
civil war ends
1865
april 9
south was devastated
- lost 1/3 of cattle
- chronic food shortages
north republicans wanted to continue economic progress
southern aristocrats still wanted low cost labor for plantations
physical rebuilding was left up to the southern states, fed. gov. focused on political issues
lincoln’s assassination
1865
a month before lee’s surrender, lincoln delivered the second inaugural address
- april 14th, John wilke’s booth shot and killed the president
johnson reconstruction policy
1865
1) disenfranchisement of
a) all former leaders and office hodlers
b) confederates with more than 20k in taxable property
2) individual pardons
restored former 11 confederal states to union
johnson’s vetoes
1866
in one term he vetoed 29 bills (>23, 3 presidents before him total)
1) 1866: increased services in freedmens bureau
2) 1866: civil rights bill that nullified black codes & granted full citizenship and rights to AA
june 19th
1866
the last people who heard of their freedom were in texas
most free people had no money, land, or education
- some people received “40 acres and a mule” but johnson rescinded it
13th amendment
1865
december 1865
- the admenment abolishing slavery was ratified
- 4 million (3.5 million in confederacy, 500k in border states) were freed
ex parte milligan
1866
supreme court ruled the government had improperly subjected civilians to military trials (referencing the suspension of habeas corpus)
- these procedures can only be used when civilian courts were unavailable
civil rights act of 1866
1866
pronounced all african americans were us citizens
- nullified the dred scott case
- attempted to provide legal shields against southern states black codes
1866 political landscape
1866
republicans were divided into
1) moderates wanting economic gains for whites
2) radicals who championed civil rights for black citizens
many became more radical as the democratic party re-unified (south has more reps b/c slaves were not 3/5 in census anymore)
14th amendment
1866
republicans worried that previous laws would be repealed if democrats controlled congress
1) declared all people born or naturalized in the us were citizens
2) obligated the states to respect to rights of us citizens equally
14th amendment application to congress plan of reconstruction
a) disqualified former confederate political leaders from holding office positions
b) repudiated the debts of the defeated confederacy government
c) penalized states that kept people from voting by reducing state’s proportional rep. in congress & electoral college
reports of the joint committee
1866
house of senate declared the reorganized confederate states weren’t entitled to congressional representation
b/c of this, congress officially rejected the reconstruction
election of 1866
1866
johnson appealed to racial prejudices and fears of white citizens of an “africanized society”
republicans called him a drunkard and a traitor
they appealed to anti southern sentiment by ‘waving the bloody shirt’ symbol of war hardships
elections gave republicans an overwhelming victory
moderate & radical republicans took 2/3 majority
reconstruction acts of 1867
1867
congress passed 3 reconstruction acts
1) divided the former confederate states into 5 military distrcites
2) increased requirements for gaining readmission into the union
this is a military occupation, lasting depending on how long it took ex-confed states to ratify the 14th amendment & guarantee voting rights to all men regardless of race
- lasted in tennessee for 1 year
- 9 years in florida
tenure of office act
1867
prohibited the president from removing a federal office or military commander without senate approval
- strictly political, trying to protect radical republicans in Johnson’s cabinet
- johnson responds by dismissing edwin stanton and the house impeached him for “high crimes andmisdemeanors”
after a 3 month senate trial, they failed to reach the 2/3 votes to actually remove him from office
election of 1868
1868
democrats opted for horatio seymour, so Johnson’s presidency would’ve ended w/ or w/o impeachment
republicans opted for war hero ulysses s. grant (~only took 300k more popular votes than democratic opponent)
500k black men who voted secured republican victory
15th amendment
1869
republicans acted quickly to secure votes for african americans
prohibited states from denying or abridging a citizens right to vote (1870)
- it prevented racial discrimination in voting laws but nothing else
election of 1868
1868
republicans waved the bloody shirt again and grant won
1868 politics
1868
democrats called southern republicans “scalawags” and norther newcomers “carpetbaggers”
- southern whites who supported the republican gov were usually former whigs (wanted economy & peace)
- most aa who held elective office in reconstructed state Govs were educated property holders who took moderate positions
south sent 2 (blanche k. bruce & hiram revels) aa to senate and ~12 to the hor
election of 1872
1872
scandals of grants presidency led republicans to select horace greerey
liberal republicans advocated for civil reform, end to southern military occupation
democats nominated greeley too…
grant wins
1873 race representation in political landscape
1873
in every republican state gov (minus s.c), whites were the majority
in s.c, freedmen controlled the lower house
panic of 1873
1873
grants 2nd term began with an economic disaster that rendered thousands jobless & homeless
grant adopted the ideas of eastern bankers to set a new trend for the republican party
black southerners were the most affected as the north’s attention diverted
civil rights act of 1875
1875
1) guaranteed equal accommodation in public spaces
2) prohibited courts from excluding african americans from juries
3) this was abandoned by 1877 as modern republicans tired of reforming an unwilling south
sharecropping
1865–1877
a system where the landlord/planter allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop
- although they were no longer legally enslaved, sharecroppers were kept in place by debt.
- popular in the south
plessy v. ferguson
1896
apr 13, 1896 – may 18, 1896
- the ruling upheld a louisiana state law that allowed for “equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races.
the cult of the lost cause
an american pseudohistorical and historical negationist myth that claims the cause of the confederate States during the american civil war was just, heroic, and not centered on slavery
fort sumter
1861
- bombardment of Fort Sumter near charleston, sc by the south carolina militia.
- It ended with its surrender by the United States Army, beginning the american civil war.
