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US History I H > FINALS! (1789-1875) > Flashcards

FINALS! (1789-1875) Flashcards

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1
Q

washington’s presidency appointments

A

1789

  • secretary of treasury: hamilton
  • secretary of state: jefferson
  • secretary of war: henry knox
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2
Q

hamilton (federalist) financial plan

A

1) congress assumes states debts (opposed by Madison, settled by putting capitol in DC)
2) protective tariff & 8% excise whiskey tax
3) national bank

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3
Q

judiciary act of 1789

A

1789

establishes supreme court (1 chief justice, 5 associate justices)
- obliged to rule one constitutionality
- John jay was the 1st chief of justice

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4
Q

proclamation of neutrality

A

1793

debate about the french revolution involvement
they decide to not get involved
jefferson resigns

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5
Q

the jay treaty

A

1794

  • british outposts on western frontiers were made to leave
  • impressment of us seamen into british naval service unfortunately continues…
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6
Q

battle of fallen timbers

A

1794

  • last major conflict of northwest territories between us and natives
  • treaty of greenville procured ohio
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7
Q

whiskey rebellion

A

1794

  • a violent tax protest in western pennyslvania
  • washington sends 15k militiamen
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8
Q

the pinckney treaty

A

1795

spain opens new orleans port to trade
spain opens mississippi river
concedes northern florida
they were worried the us was getting too close to britain

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9
Q

washington’s farewell address

A

1796

  • don’t get involved in european affairs
  • don’t make “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs
  • don’t form into political parties
  • don’t fall into sectionalism
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10
Q

post-washington political parties

A

federalists vs democratic republicans

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11
Q

early federalists beliefs

A
  • national government
  • strongest, richest
  • banking, manufacturing, trade
  • urban northeast
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12
Q

early democratic republican beliefs

A
  • states rights
  • ordinary people
  • farmers
  • rural south and west
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13
Q

john adams presidency

A

1796

both house and senate are federalist dominated
thomas jefferson runner up & VP

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14
Q

xyz affair

A

1797

france saw jay treaty as a violation of french-american alliance
adams sent men, but they were told talks could only continue if:

  • americans loaned france 10 million
  • paid a bribe of 250k
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15
Q

quasi war

A

1797

america refused france’s monetary conditions
france impressed american ships to prevent american england trade

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16
Q

alien & sedition acts

A

1798

adams was criticized for xyz affair by DR newspapers, blamed the papers & new immigrants for his falling rep

1) waiting period to become a citizen went for 5->14 years
2) he could arrest an deport aliens during wartimes
4) writing false/harmful things became illegal and newspaper editors were consistently arrested

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17
Q

virginia & kentucky resolutions

A

1798

  • response to alien and sedition acts
  • claimed right to nullify/void acts b/c of unconstitutionality
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18
Q

election of 1800

A

1800

john adams + thomas pinckney

vs

thomas jefferson

“revolution of 1800 – thomas jefferson wins, ushers in DR leadership”

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19
Q

midnight judges

A

1801

in john adams final days of presidency he:
- appointed 58 people to gov positions
- appointed federal judge
- appointed chief justice john marshall (1801-1835)
- appointed marbury to justice of peace in DC

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20
Q

marbury v madison

A

1801-1803(decision)

marbury sues using the supreme court (write of mandamus)
- judiciary act of 1789 gave no provisions for procedures of any courts, leaving it to congress to decide
- marbury won the case but never got his appointed position

marshall, a federalist, ruled against federalism, but established the judicial review and strengthened the central gov

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21
Q

marbury v madison ruling

A

1803

1) congress cannot pass laws contrary to constitution
2) the role of the judicial system is to interpret what the constitution permits
3) judicial act of 1789 becomes first act to be partially invalidated by supreme court

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22
Q

judiciary act of 1801

A

1801

federalists last stand
created 13 new federal judgeships

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23
Q

louisiana purchase

A

1803

james monroe sent to france to by new orleans from napolean
instead gets offered the entire thing (15 mil –> 250 mil)

power to purchase new territory was not listed in constitution
resparked debate about strict vs implied power

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24
Q

election of 1804

A

1804

burr doesn’t run again
jefferson wins, takes credit for louisiana purcahse

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25
Q

barbary pirates

A

sometime along 1804-1807

  • first international issue: barbary pirates off n african coast
  • washington & adams paid tributes to pirates, demanded higher from jefferson
  • jefferson refused to pay and sent small fleet
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26
Q

non importation act

A

1806

banned british manufacturing

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27
Q

the embargo act

A

1807

impressment of sailors increased as britain & france headed back to war
jefferson wanted to avoid war by limiting trade (economic deterrence)
this backfires, kills us econ

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28
Q

embargos

A

official ban on trade o r other commercial activity with a particular country

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29
Q

britain and france head back to war

A

1807

they fight indirectly
england closed French ports to foreign shipping unless the ships first stopped at English ports
france ordered seizure of US ships into british ports

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30
Q

chesapeake-leopard affair

A

1807

skirmish between british warships (leopard) and
us warship (chesapeake)
several americans were killed

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31
Q

election of 1808

A

1808

jefferson could run for re election but endorses Madison instead
madison sweeper from federalists

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32
Q

non importation act, madison

A

1809

madison replaces embargo act with non importation act
resumption of war trade with the exclusion of trade w/ gb & france

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33
Q

macon’s bill #2

A

1810

restores trade with gb and france
if either repealed shipping restrictions, america would refuse to trade with the other

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34
Q

war of 1812

A

1812

britain (+ france) wasn’t respecting america’s sea trade
americans blamed british for shawnee brothers trying to unite tribes west of mississippi
DRs known as war hawks continually pushed the idea that war w/ Britain was the only rational choice

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35
Q

1812 political ideas

A

1812

quids: old DRs: criticized wars
war hawks: DRs that said war with Britain was the only rational choice

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36
Q

defeat of napoleon in europe

A

1814

enabled british to increase forces
in the us: they set fire to the white house and tried to take baltimore

! fort mchenry held out: birth of the star spangled banner !

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37
Q

battle of horsehoe bend

A

1814

@ the south
jackson ended the power of brtiains creeks
they killed native americans and opened land for white settlers

british tried to gain control for he mississippi bridge but was stopped by jackson
2 weeks later: the treaty of ghent

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38
Q

treaty of ghent

A

1814

halted fighting in the war of 1812:
- returned all conquered territory
- recognized pre-war boundaries between us and canada
- ratified by the state, said nothing about grievances leading to the war
- britain made no concessions about impressments, blockades, etc

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39
Q

era of good feelings

A

1815-1825

single party politics: DR

contentious debate:
- tariffs, national banks, internal improvement
- DR began to fracture

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40
Q

tariff of 1816

A

1816

protective tariff
taxing imports to drive up prices of imported goods
trying to protect manufacturers

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41
Q

henry clay’s american system

A

1817

1) tariffs: protection from european industry (now that war is over)
2) internal improvements: building infrastructure
3) national bank: keep the system running smoothly
( greatly vetoed by madison & monroe)

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42
Q

jackson invades florida

A

1818

runaway slaves went to florida
creek (seminole) native americans went to florida and attacked georgia settlers
- spain isn’t controlling its borders
- 1818 jackson troops destroyed villages (sezied spanish settlements, removed spanish governors for power)

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43
Q

convention of 1818

A

1818

us & gb agree to joint occupation of oregon @ the 49th parallel

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44
Q

adams-onis treaty

A

1819

all of florida is given to the us
finalized western border of louisiana purchase

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45
Q

missouri comrpomise

A

1820

11 free states vs 11 slave states
missouri applies for statehood as a slave state

1) admit missouri as a slave holding state
2) admit maine as a free state
3) prohibit slavery int he rest of the LP above 36’60º

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46
Q

erie canal

A

1821

connected lake eerie to the hudson river
farmers could ship goods to ny more effectively

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47
Q

monroe doctrine

A

1823

us foreign policy originated by president james monroe
any intervention by external powers in the politics of the us is a hostile act
- monroe promises he will keep europe from interfering w western republics

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48
Q

background of monroe doctrine

A

pre-1823

  • end of napoleonic wars establishes monarch war
  • several republic in south america appear
  • spanish want to re-establish colonial holdings

british and america want to keep euoprean powers out
join together to protect america from europe
- notably, america makes md w/o having britain co-sign

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49
Q

election of 1824

A

1824

era of good feelings ends in political bad feelings

4 candidates from DR:
- jqa
- henry clay
- william crawford
- andrew Jackson

jackson won popular votes, but lost in electoral college
- henry clay used influence to provide jqa with votes
- jqa appointed henry clay sec. of state

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50
Q

tariff of abominations

A

1828

a new tariff that satisfied northern manufacturers but alienated southern planters who called it the tariff of abominations

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51
Q

revolution of 1828

A

1828

used “old hickory” campaigns to get Jackson in office
- Jackson & adams ran smear campaigns against each other
- Jackson won with every state west of appalachians

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52
Q

peggy eaton affair

A

1828

wife of jackson’s secretary of war was the target of malicious gossip
Jackson tried to force the cabinet wives to accept her
- most of the cabinet resigned
- jackson’s VP resigned
- was succeeded by a loyal MVB

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53
Q

indian removal act

A

1830

jackson sympathizes with settlers who want to take Native American land
thought it was “humane” to resettle them west

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54
Q

mccormick mechanical reaper

A

1831

used by farmers to harvest crops mechanically

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55
Q

cherokee nation vs georgia (1831)

A

1831

georgia passed laws requiring cherokee to migrate
cherokees challenged them in court
ruling declared they were not a foreign nation

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56
Q

worcester vs georgia (1832)

A

1832

a high court ruled the laws of georgia has no force in cherokee territory
however Jackson sided with georgia and the court could not enforce the decision

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57
Q

calhoun’s south carolina convention

A

1832

met to:
- nullify the hated 1828 and 1832 tariff bills
- pass a resolution forbidding tariff collection

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58
Q

jackson response to 1832 sc convention

A

1832

jackson reacted by
- telling the secretary of war to prepare for war
- persuading congress to pass the force bill
- issuing a proclamation to the people of south Carolina

he opened the door for compromise by suggesting congress lower the tariff
south carolina postponed nullification and rescinded it with congress enacted a new tariff

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59
Q

bank recharter

A

1832

henry clay favored bank
he challenged Jackson with a recharter bill
Jackson vetoed it
- jackson went on to destroy toe boa after this
- he withdrew all federal funds and with the aid of the secretary of treasury roger taney he transferred the funds into pet/state banks

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60
Q

eastern tribes relocation

A

1835

eastern tributes reluctantly moved left

61
Q

burea of indian affairs

A

1836

created to assist resettled tribes

62
Q

election of 1836

A

1836

jackson didn’t seek a 3rd term, nominated mvb
whigs:
- nominated 3 candidate from 3 regions
- hoped to throw election to house of reps
- this faile, mvb won 58%

63
Q

political landscape during election around 1836

A

democrats (south & west states, urban workers)
- no bank, no tariffs, no fed spendings

whigs (new eland & mid-atlantic states, urban professionals)
- pro bank, pro tariffs, pro internal improvements

64
Q

panic of 1837

A

1837

right after Jackson left office

the country suffered a financial panic as banks closed
jackson’s opposition was one oft he main reasons
whigs blamed the democrats for laissez-faire economics

65
Q

1837 inventions

A

john deere’s steel plow: increased efficiency and cheapens production

eli whitney interchangeable parts: beginning of mass production

samuel f. b. morse’s telegraph: morse code to communicate

66
Q

cumberland national road

A

1811-1837

620 mile road connecting potomac & ohio rivers
main transport path to the west for thousands of settlers

67
Q

trail of tears

A

1838

most cherokees rejected the settlement of 1835
1838, after jackson left office, the us army forced 15k cherokees to leave Georgia
- 4,000 cherokees had died

68
Q

“log cabin and hard cider” campaign of 1840

A

1840

  • whigs were in a strong position to win b/c of dissatisfaction of economy
  • war hero william henry “tippecanoe” harrison

they emphasized his humble beginnings
name called MVB

78% of white males voted
harrison + john yyler took 53% of popular vote and most of electoral votes, establishing the whigs as a national party

69
Q

harrison DIES of pneumonia

A

1841

john tyler “his accidency” became the first VP to succeed pres
- he was not much of a whig & vetoed their national bank bills & favored southern and expansions democrats during his term

70
Q

us debate over texas anenxation

A

1844

expansionist: tx added, pro slavery
anti-annexation: too politically dangerous so jackson and mvb had ignored
- voted down in senate (1844)

71
Q

election of 1844

A

1844

americans want new territory

democratic party split; van buren and john c. calhoun
instead, james k. polk is picked.

democrats: polk (speaker of house, governor, gain texas, 54’50º california)
whigs: clay (representative, senator, sec. of state, ‘who is polk?’)

polk’s win tells tyler that us is ready for texas, so he annexes and leaves the rest for polk

72
Q

james k polk

A

1845-1849

pro manifest desitny
pro annexation of texas

73
Q

polk’s victory

A

1845

tyler pushed for joint resolution in congress (feb 1845) , texas enters as a slave state

mexico breaks relations with us b/c they don’t recognize texan independence

74
Q

bear flag revolt

A

1845

cali’s independence from mexico (lead by john c. fremont)

75
Q

oregon territory dispute

A

1846

  • spain, england, us, and russia outline claims to oregon territory

spain; adams onis
russia; no territorial claims

england vs us
- polk dropped 54’40º demands
- compromise at the 49th parallel

northerners were upset at loss of a possible state

76
Q

mexican war

A

1846

american troops to southern border of TX, lead by Zachary Taylor
- us & mexico claimed 2 diff borders
- when us went to their version of territory, mexican govt. saw this as an invasion

congress authorizes war after fighting broke out
“american war on american soil”

77
Q

wilmot proviso

A

1846

slavery would not exist in any territories for mexican cession

78
Q

opinions on mexican war

A

pro-war:

  • protect citiznes
  • “manifest destiny”
  • southerners

anti-war:

  • polk provoked an “unnecessary war”
  • thought it was a plot to extend salvery
  • northerners
79
Q

opinions on wilmot proviso

A

south:

  • slavery is acceptable
  • bible speaks of it positively
  • states rights

north:

  • 14 states supported wilmot proviso
  • rallying cry for abolitionists

the wilmot proviso fails to pass

80
Q

treaty of guadalupe hidalgo (1848)

A

1848

  • us paid mexico $15 million
  • us gained a, nm, az, ut, nv
  • rio grande determined as southern border of us
81
Q

election of 1848

A

1848

contested over slavery

1) lewis case (democrat): popular sovereignty
2) zachary taylor (whig): southern slaveowner, neutral
3) MVB (free soil): end slavery

zachary gets elected

82
Q

gold rush

A

1849

reinforced manifest desinty
john marshall found gold at salters mill
- word spread quickly
- americans and immigrants came, boosting buisness
- high death rate: murders, sliders, insanity, starvation

83
Q

california’s anti-slavery constiution

A

1849

taylor supported admission of california and New Mexico
his plan sparked talks of secession among souther fire-eater radicals
- met in nashville

84
Q

clayton-bulwer treaty (1850)

A

1850

  • an american ambition was to build a canal through central america
  • gb had the same
  • this treaty made suer neither of them could take exclusive control
  • stayed in force until 1901 hay-pauncefote treaty, giving us premission
85
Q

henry clay’s 1850 compromise

A

1850

1) admit cali as a free state
2) divide mexican cession into utah & new mexico (popular sovereignty)
3) give land between texas & new mexico to new territories – fed gov assumes texas’ $10 million public debt
4) ban the slave trade in dc, but they can still own slaves
5) adopt a new fugitive slave law

86
Q

compromise of 1850 effects

A

1850

bought time for the union
added to the north’s political power
deepened secession & sectional debates

87
Q

fugitive slave law

A

1850

1) removed fugitive cases from state courts to exclusive jurisdiction of the fed. gov
2) authorized by us commissioner to issue warrants for arresting fugitives
3) captured slaves who claimed to be free denied juries

88
Q

treaty of fort laramine

A

1851

8 native american groups agreed to specific geographic boundaries

89
Q

ostend manifesto

A

1852

president polk offers to buy cuba from spain for $100 million
- spain didn’t want to give the remnants of the empire
- southerners tried but failed to acquire it by force

elected in 1852, franklin pierce secretly dispatched 3 american diplomats to buy cuba
- @ ostend, belgium
- this was leaked
- antislavery members reacted angrily and president pierce dropped the scheme

90
Q

uncle tom’s cabin

A

1852

by harriet beecher stowe
radicalized northerners against slave owners

91
Q

aunt philis cabin

A

1852

by mary eastment
response to stowe’s writing
portrayed kind slaveowners and happily enslaved people

92
Q

walker expedition

A

1853

southern adventurers William walker tried to take baja california
it gained temporary recognition in 1856, but the scheme to develop a proslavery central american empire
- ended when honduran forces (central american countries) invaded and killed him

93
Q

gadsden purchase

A

1853

  • despite failing to acquire cuba, pierce pushes to buy a small strip of land from mexico
  • 10 million!
  • semidesert, good for railroads
94
Q

kansas-nebraska act (1854)

A

1854

stephen douglas, the sponsor, expected the slavery issue to be settled peacefully
- antislavery farmers from the midwest migrated to kansas
- slaveholders from missouri set up homestead to win control of the south

95
Q

new england emigrant aid company

A

1855

organized by northern abolitionists and free-spoilers
paid for transportation of antislavery groups

96
Q

border ruffian escalation – bleeding kansas

A

1856

proslavery missourians
- tried to create their own proslavery legislation in lecompton
- attacked the free-soil town of Lawrence
(killed 2, destroyed names & businesses)

  • john brown, an abolitionist, retaliated by attacking a proslavery farm (killed 5)
97
Q

sumner brooks incident

A

1856

  • charles sumner attacked the democratic administration
  • butler(who was called out)’s nephew walked into the senate chamber and beat him with a cane
  • he never recovered
98
Q

election of 1856

A

1856

republicans presented john c. fremont
- no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, & pro-business, protective tariffs

know nothings presented millard fillmore (20%)

democrats nominated james buchanan
- rejected pierce & douglas b/c association to bleeding kansas

democrats won, but republicans made a good showing for sectional party (11/16 free states)

99
Q

panic of 1857

A

1857

financial panic causes decrease in prices for agricultural products & decrease in unemployment

cotton prices remained high in the south & was less affected

southerners believed the plantation economy was superior

100
Q

impending crisis of the south

A

1857

by hinton r. helper
- attacked slavery from statistical angles
- showed how slavery weakened the south’s economy

they said slavery was backed by the Bible, philosophy, history
compared it to wage slaves in north

101
Q

lecomptom constitution

A

1857

buchanan has to decide to accept proslavery constitutions
despite it not having majority support, he tries to pass it
- congress rejects it b/c republicans & democrats rejected it

102
Q

dred scott v sanford

A

1857

dred scott: taken to free territory for 2 years, returning to missouri
- he sued for his freedom, reached supreme court in 1857

roger taney ruling:
1) dred scott had no right to sue b/c AA “were not citizens”
2) congress could not deprive ppl of poverty, and slaves were considered property
3) missouri compromise was unconstitutional

103
Q

stephen douglas campaign

A

1858

re-election for senator from illinois
vs lincoln a republican candidate

lincoln was practically unknown compared to mr. popular sovereignty
douglas was hailed to be able to save the union if elected

104
Q

freeport doctrine

A

1858

  • lincoln challenges douglas to reconcile dred scott & popular sovereignty
  • douglas responds by saying slavery could not exist if citizens did not pass laws

this angered southern decorates who felt douglas didn’t go far enough to support dred scott rulings’ implications

douglas won reelection but lost ground among southern democrats in the long run

105
Q

confederate acts

A

1861

early in the war, slaves were escaping to union lines & general (benjamin butler) refused to return it
- gave the union army power to seize “enemy property” and empowered the president to use the freed in battle

also: freed slaves enslaved by any individual in rebellion against the us

106
Q

homestead act

A

1862

160 acres of land to any citizen head of household
railroads received 10 square miles of land from govt. sold to make more $$

107
Q

battle of antietam

A

1862

confederates retreated september 22, 1862
lincoln issued warning that states in rebellion states would be free

this only applied to confederate states outside of union control: freed only 1% of slaves

108
Q

habeas corpus

A

1862

lincoln focused on the war more than protecting constitutional rights
- he suspended the write of habeas corpus in pro-confederate states
- people could thus be arrested without being informed of charges against them
- 13k people were arrested on suspicion, many without trial

109
Q

emancipation proclamation

A

1863

by 1862 lincoln hesitated in freeing all states
1) thought he would alienate pro-union & pro-slavery conservative northerners
2) worried that it would seem desperate

110
Q

massachusetts 54th regiment

A

1863

when the union army recruited, ~200k freed aa slaves
- they were segregated into all-black units
- 37k aa soldiers died in “armys of freedom”p

111
Q

political change in 1863

A

1863

electoral college continued
secession left republican majorities

north:
radical republicans
free soil republicans

most democrats: supported the war but criticized lincoln’s conduct of it
some democrats: (peace democrats, copperhead) opposed the war, wanted peace

112
Q

march 1863 conscription act

A

1863

at first, everyone who fought were volunteers
- this act made all men 20-45 liable for military service
- they could opt out with a $300 fees

poor laborers like Irish and German immigrants were angry, thinking their jobs would be taken by freed slaves
protests against the drafters in nyc turned into a riot against black citizens

117 people were killed before the draft were temporarily suspended

113
Q

gettysburg address

A

1863

november 19
- lincoln raised americans to the idea their nation was dedicated to every man being free and equal

114
Q

national banking system 1863

A

1863

the union financed the war by borrowing $2.6 billion through government bonds
us treasury issued $430 million in greenbacks, contributing to inflation
- prices in the north rose 80% during the war
- to manage the added revenue, congress created the first national bank since andrew jackson vetoed it in 1830

115
Q

morrill tariff act (1861)

A

1861

raising tariff rates to help industrialists

116
Q

homestead act (1862)

A

1862

offered parcels of 160 acres of public land
helped many white, but not african americans

117
Q

morrill land grant act (1862)

A

1862

federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges

118
Q

pacific railway act (1862)

A

1862

building a transcontinental railroad, linking cali & the east

119
Q

proclamation of amnesty of reconstruction

A

1863

lincoln set up a process for political reconstruction:
1) full presidential pardons would be granted to confederates who
a) took an oath of allegiance
b) accepted the emancipation of slaves
2) state governments could be re-established if 10% of voters took the loyalty oath

120
Q

wade-davis bill

A

1864

  • republicans objected to the 10% plan, worrying if it would let reconstructed state govs to be dominated by secessionists
  • wade-dais bill required 50% of voters to take loyalty oaths and permitted only non-confederates to vote

lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill

121
Q

election of 1864

A

1864

democrat nomination was general george mcclellan
- he called for peace, which was appealing in the midst of war

republicans renamed themselves unionists and picked lincoln and andrew johnson as his running mate
- mcclellan took 45% of the vote, but Lincoln won

122
Q

freedmen’s bureau

A

1865

march 1865, congress created the “bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands”
- welfare agency for black and white americans left destitute by the war
- the greatest success was the 3k schools for freepeople and 200k was who were taught to read
- at first, the bureau had authority to resettle freedpeople on confiscated farmlands in the south

andrew johnson reversed this

123
Q

civil war ends

A

1865

april 9
south was devastated
- lost 1/3 of cattle
- chronic food shortages

north republicans wanted to continue economic progress
southern aristocrats still wanted low cost labor for plantations

physical rebuilding was left up to the southern states, fed. gov. focused on political issues

124
Q

lincoln’s assassination

A

1865

a month before lee’s surrender, lincoln delivered the second inaugural address
- april 14th, John wilke’s booth shot and killed the president

125
Q

johnson reconstruction policy

A

1865

1) disenfranchisement of
a) all former leaders and office hodlers
b) confederates with more than 20k in taxable property
2) individual pardons

restored former 11 confederal states to union

126
Q

johnson’s vetoes

A

1866

in one term he vetoed 29 bills (>23, 3 presidents before him total)

1) 1866: increased services in freedmens bureau
2) 1866: civil rights bill that nullified black codes & granted full citizenship and rights to AA

127
Q

june 19th

A

1866

the last people who heard of their freedom were in texas
most free people had no money, land, or education
- some people received “40 acres and a mule” but johnson rescinded it

128
Q

13th amendment

A

1865

december 1865
- the admenment abolishing slavery was ratified
- 4 million (3.5 million in confederacy, 500k in border states) were freed

129
Q

ex parte milligan

A

1866

supreme court ruled the government had improperly subjected civilians to military trials (referencing the suspension of habeas corpus)
- these procedures can only be used when civilian courts were unavailable

130
Q

civil rights act of 1866

A

1866

pronounced all african americans were us citizens
- nullified the dred scott case
- attempted to provide legal shields against southern states black codes

131
Q

1866 political landscape

A

1866

republicans were divided into
1) moderates wanting economic gains for whites
2) radicals who championed civil rights for black citizens

many became more radical as the democratic party re-unified (south has more reps b/c slaves were not 3/5 in census anymore)

132
Q

14th amendment

A

1866

republicans worried that previous laws would be repealed if democrats controlled congress
1) declared all people born or naturalized in the us were citizens
2) obligated the states to respect to rights of us citizens equally

133
Q

14th amendment application to congress plan of reconstruction

A

a) disqualified former confederate political leaders from holding office positions
b) repudiated the debts of the defeated confederacy government
c) penalized states that kept people from voting by reducing state’s proportional rep. in congress & electoral college

134
Q

reports of the joint committee

A

1866

house of senate declared the reorganized confederate states weren’t entitled to congressional representation

b/c of this, congress officially rejected the reconstruction

135
Q

election of 1866

A

1866

johnson appealed to racial prejudices and fears of white citizens of an “africanized society”

republicans called him a drunkard and a traitor
they appealed to anti southern sentiment by ‘waving the bloody shirt’ symbol of war hardships

elections gave republicans an overwhelming victory
moderate & radical republicans took 2/3 majority

136
Q

reconstruction acts of 1867

A

1867

congress passed 3 reconstruction acts
1) divided the former confederate states into 5 military distrcites
2) increased requirements for gaining readmission into the union

this is a military occupation, lasting depending on how long it took ex-confed states to ratify the 14th amendment & guarantee voting rights to all men regardless of race

  • lasted in tennessee for 1 year
  • 9 years in florida
137
Q

tenure of office act

A

1867

prohibited the president from removing a federal office or military commander without senate approval
- strictly political, trying to protect radical republicans in Johnson’s cabinet
- johnson responds by dismissing edwin stanton and the house impeached him for “high crimes andmisdemeanors”

after a 3 month senate trial, they failed to reach the 2/3 votes to actually remove him from office

138
Q

election of 1868

A

1868

democrats opted for horatio seymour, so Johnson’s presidency would’ve ended w/ or w/o impeachment

republicans opted for war hero ulysses s. grant (~only took 300k more popular votes than democratic opponent)

500k black men who voted secured republican victory

139
Q

15th amendment

A

1869

republicans acted quickly to secure votes for african americans
prohibited states from denying or abridging a citizens right to vote (1870)
- it prevented racial discrimination in voting laws but nothing else

140
Q

election of 1868

A

1868

republicans waved the bloody shirt again and grant won

141
Q

1868 politics

A

1868

democrats called southern republicans “scalawags” and norther newcomers “carpetbaggers”

  • southern whites who supported the republican gov were usually former whigs (wanted economy & peace)
  • most aa who held elective office in reconstructed state Govs were educated property holders who took moderate positions

south sent 2 (blanche k. bruce & hiram revels) aa to senate and ~12 to the hor

142
Q

election of 1872

A

1872

scandals of grants presidency led republicans to select horace greerey

liberal republicans advocated for civil reform, end to southern military occupation

democats nominated greeley too…

grant wins

143
Q

1873 race representation in political landscape

A

1873

in every republican state gov (minus s.c), whites were the majority
in s.c, freedmen controlled the lower house

144
Q

panic of 1873

A

1873

grants 2nd term began with an economic disaster that rendered thousands jobless & homeless

grant adopted the ideas of eastern bankers to set a new trend for the republican party

black southerners were the most affected as the north’s attention diverted

145
Q

civil rights act of 1875

A

1875

1) guaranteed equal accommodation in public spaces
2) prohibited courts from excluding african americans from juries
3) this was abandoned by 1877 as modern republicans tired of reforming an unwilling south

146
Q

sharecropping

A

1865–1877

a system where the landlord/planter allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop
- although they were no longer legally enslaved, sharecroppers were kept in place by debt.
- popular in the south

147
Q

plessy v. ferguson

A

1896

apr 13, 1896 – may 18, 1896

  • the ruling upheld a louisiana state law that allowed for “equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races.
148
Q

the cult of the lost cause

A

an american pseudohistorical and historical negationist myth that claims the cause of the confederate States during the american civil war was just, heroic, and not centered on slavery

149
Q

fort sumter

A

1861

  • bombardment of Fort Sumter near charleston, sc by the south carolina militia.
  • It ended with its surrender by the United States Army, beginning the american civil war.

US History I H (13 decks)

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