Unit 4: Early Republic Flashcards
republic
constitution or charter of rights protecting inalienable rights that cannot be taken away but he government, even if elected by majority of voters
democracy
in a “pure” democracy, the majority is not restrained, can impose will on minority
negatives of pure democracy
- minorities have no protection against the unlimited power of the majority
positives of a republic
- unrevokable charter protecting human rights
- equal say
- rule of law governs elected bound by oath to constitutional limits
popular sovereignty
government created by consent of the people
federalism
power divided between federal and state government
separation of power
legislative, executive, judicial
checks and balances
branches can control one another
primary contention of constitutional convention
big vs little state
federal government vs state government
hamilton appointment
secretary of treasury
jefferson appointment
secretary of state
henry knox appointment
secretary of war
judiciary act 1789
early congress, establishes a supreme court whit 1 chief justice and 5 associate justices, empowered to rule on constitutionality
first chief justice
john jay
hamilton’s core values
federalist, not consumed with state issues
hamilton biggest impacts
1) congress assumes/takes on states debts (opposed by madison, settled with exchange for putting capitol in dc)
2) protective tariff and 8% excise tax on whiskey
3) national bank, gave birth to loose vs strict constructionist philosphies
hamilton national bank
- deposit us money, print banknotes
- create a more stable currency
evolved into the federal reserve, manipulate interest rates to fight inflation
does the government have the power to make a national bank?
necessary and proper clause!!!!
enumerated power
national government only has powers specifically in the constitution
implied power
powers not written, but necessary to run government
foreign affairs
french rev, jay treaty, pinckney treaty
french revolution
proclamation of neutrality (1793)
- supported french in establishing a republic, horrified by mob hysteria and mass executions
- officially allied with France’s monarchy but not the revolutionary
result of proclamation of neutrality 1793
jefferson #resigns
jay treaty 1794
- british outposts on western frontier, impressing US ships into britishnaval service
- john jay goes to Britain to negotiate treaty
- britain leaves posts but continues impressing
pinckney treaty (1795)
- spain opens new orleans port to trade, opens mississippi river
- concedes northern florida territory to us
- spain was worried the us was getting to close to britain
domestic affairs
battle of fallen timbers, whiskey rebellion
battle of fallen timbers 1974
- last major conflict of nw territory between us and natives
- general anthony wayne won against confederation of native american warriors
- treaty of greenville procured ohio to white settlers
whiskey rebellion
washington sent 15k militiamen to squash rebellion
washington farewell address
- do not get involved in europeans affairs
- do not make “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs
- do not form political parties
- do not fall into sectionalism
federalists (general)
- hamilton, adams
- strong national governemnt
- richest, smartest
- banking, trade, and manufacturing
- urban northwest
anti federalists (general)
- madison, jefferson
- ordinary ppl & state should have more power
- farming more important
- rural south and west
john adams presidency
- federalist
- xyz affair
- alien & sedition act
- virginia & kentucky res
- madison & marbury
xyz affair
- french government regarded the jay treaty as a violation of french-american alliance
- adams sent men to france to work out problem
- however talks would only occur if americans agreed to loan france 10 mil
us got mad
- congress created naval department and authorized ships to seize french vessels
- us and france never went to war (quasi) but the situation damaged john adams standing in federalist party
quasi war (tensions with france)
- result of xyz affairs
- jefferson wanted to avoid war, published information
- backfired! public opinion now favored war against france (felt humiliated) … undeclared war between US and france
alien and sedition acts
- president adams was criticized for xyz affair by democratic republican newspaper
- blamed papers and new immigrants for his prbolem
- to silence his critics, the alien and sedition acts were passed
alien acts
- increased the waiting period for becoming a us citizen from 5 to 14 years
- gave president power to arrest disloyal aliens or order them out
sedition acts
- outlawed sedition, making saying anything false or harmful about government illegal
- violation of first admenment
aliens
federalists viewed foreign born immigrants active int he Republican Party as a threat
- president could deport or imprison any alien considered ‘dangerous’
virginia and kentucky resolutions
- virginia and kentucky claimed the right to declare null and void the alien and sedition acts because of bill of rights
1800s election
john adams, president + thomas pinckney, vp
VS
thomas jefferson, president
midnight judges
- john adams final days of presidency saw 58 appointments to government position
who did john adams appoint
- numerous federal judges
- chief justice john marshall
- marbury to justice of peace
john marshall
was meant to deliver commissions. he didn’t deliver 17 so jefferson did not want those 17 to be appointed
marbury sues
using the supreme court to get his admission.
- uses writ of manadamus
- the decision was that something was wrong and marbury deserved justice, however he never got his appointed position
writ of mandamus
order from court to request duty fulfillment
judicial review
the power to decide whether or not laws are constituional and to get rid of the laws that aren’t
judiciary act of 1789
no provision for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to congress to decide
mvm ruling & significance
- congress cannot pass laws contrary to the constitution
- role of judiciary system is to interpret what the constitution permits
- judiciary act 1789 first partially invalidated by sc
jefferson context of the time: rapid population growth
1) influx of europeans
2) high birth rates
3) influx of slaves
meanwhile in england
industrial revolution!
physical movement
- british to north and west
- spain to south
- native americans throughout
slavery and cotton gin
- cotton picking becomes profitable with eli whitney’s cotton gin
- increasing demand for slave labor
1800s election results
thomas jefferson - 73 - 52.9%
aaron burr - 73 - 52.9%
john adams - 65 - 47.1%
charles pinckney - 64 - 46.1%
john jay - 1 - 0.7%
revolution of 1800
- peaceful transition of power
- marked restoration of limited/frugal government
- debt reduction cuts military budget
- maintained national bank
- internal tax repealed
federalists last stand
- judiciary act 1801: 13 new federalist judgeships
- adams appointed federalist midnight judges as last act
thomas jefferson presidency
- louisiana purcahse
- embargo acts
louisiana purchase
- James Monroe sent to france to buy new orleans
- gets offered the whole thing 15 mil -> 250 mil
- hypocrisy? the power to purchase new territory was not listed in the constituion
embargo act
- impressment of sailors became an issue against as b&f head back to war
- jefferson wants to avoid war, intiates embargo
- he tried to limit trade w f & b but ended up hurting american trades
embargos
official ban on trade with a particular country
1804 election
- burr doesn’t run, so jefferson wins and takes credit for la purhcase
barbary pirates
- first major international issues off the north africa coast
- washington and adams paid tribute, demanded higher from jefferson, but he refused payment and send a small fleet
meriwether lewis/William clark exploration
- exploration in louisiana territory helped its maps and geography
- promoted future trade, canals identified
britain vs france (again)
- napoleon at war with Britain, they fight indirectly
- order in council: england closed french ports to foreign shipping unless the ship first stopped @ english ports
- french ordered the seizure of ships into british ports
chesapeake-leopard affairs 1807
(lead up to war of 1821)
- skirmish between british warship and us warship @ coast of virginia
- several americans killed, increased us/british tension
br/fr blockading us
(lead up to war of 1821)
- violating us rights
- impress sailors, interfere with trade, search & seize
madison replaces embargo act with non importation act
- banned british manufacturing
jefferson after 2 terms
- didn’t run for re-election and supported madison instead
- madison won and continued jefferson anti war efforts
non intercourse act of 1809
- new and improved embargo act
- allowed americans to trade with all nations but gb & fr
masons bill #2 (1810)
- restored trade with either gb or fr
- if either country repealed shipping restrictions, america would refuse to trade with other nations
war of 1821 3 main causes
1) europe, britain, france not respecting americans
2) americans blamed britain for shawnee brothers
3) democratic republicans known as war hawks push influence
americans, shawnee brothers
- shawnee brothers try to unite the tribes west of mississippi river
war hawks
push the idea that war with britain is the only rational choice. they thought war with britian was the only way to defend american honor, gain canada, and destroy native american resistance
quids
old democratic republicans
- criticized the war because it violated the classic DR commitment to limited federal power & maintenance of peace
andrew jackson
- general who commanded troops in south
- ended the power of an important britain ally, elimination of native americans
treaty fo ghent
- halted fighting, returned territory to how it was before the war
- senate said nothing about grievances that led to war, neither side made concessions
reasons to go to war w/ britain
- britain has always been unjust to them
- impressment, threatening governments
- britain had been beat before
reasons against going to war w/ britain
- expenses of war will devastate country
- little will eb gained
- taxes will be intensified on top of economic damage of embargos
- gun boats cant repel other ships, seaports & vessels have no safe area and will be destroyed
era of good feelings
…erm sure
- federalists faded away
- perception of unity misleadinghe
heated debates during era of good feelings
- tariffs
- banks
- internal improvement
- land sales
- slavery
- soon, DR split in two
good feelings only lasted from
section of 1816 to panic of 1819
james monroe
- fought in revolutionary war, suffered through valley forge
- continued virginia dynasty of presidents
- defeated federalist 183-34, by 1820 received every electoral vote but 1
- represented growing nationalism
- acquired florida
- agreed on mississippi compromise
- adopted the monroe doctrine
economic nationalism
- subsidized internal improvements (roads, canals)
- tariffs: they were worried cheap british goods would take away from american markets. set tariffs to protect american manufacturers - first protective tariff
who protested britain tariffs
- new england w/ less manufacturing opposed
henry clay american system
plan for economic growth
1) protective tariff
2) national bank
3) internal improvements
national bank under monroe
- hamilton’s brainchild first bank expired
- he charted the second bank
internal improvements under monroe
- he veto’ed funds for building because of constitution’s limited jurisidction
- individual improvements were forced to occur
panic of 1819
- first financial panic since constitution
- occurred after second bank tightened credit in an effort to control inflation
- west was hit the hardest bc ppl were in debt from speculating on land
impacts of panic of 1819
- bank of us foreclosed on large amounts of western farmland, nationalist beliefs were shaken!
- economic crisis changed political outlook. ppl began calling for land reform and had strong opposition to national bank
political changes
- federalist party couldn’t adapt to national and ceased to be a party after crushing defeat in 1816
- many democratic republicans actually adopted federalist views
population in appalachian mountains/west
doubled!
reasons 4 westward expansion
- acquisition of land
- economic pressures
- improved transportation
- immigrants
acquisition of lands
military victories in indiana territory opened new territories for white settlers
economic pressures
economic difficulties in northeast from embargo, seeking new economic future
improved transportation
pioneers had easier time reaching frontier because of newfound roads, canals, etc
immigrants
europeans were attracted by the prospect of cheap land in the west
western representative bargaining…
primary concerns:
1) cheap money
2) low prices for land sold by federal government
3) improve transportation
cheap money
easy credit from state banks rather than bank of us
slavery in expansion
- those settling south wanted slavery fro economic reasons
- those settling north DGAF
- 1819, Missouri territory apple to congress for statehold
missouri compromise context
- vermont entered union as free state, kentucky entered as slave state
- political in congress tried to create sectional balance but north was growing quickly
house vs senate
house: northern 105 vs 51 southern
senate: slave 11 vs 11 free
- balance means south can block legislation
talmadge admenment
- rep james talmadge from ny begun debate by proposing Missouri draft bill
1) prohibit [further] introduction of slaves in missouri
2) children of Missouri slaves emancipated at 25
- Ssoutherners defeated this admenemnt in the senate because they saw it as an effort to abolish all slavery
clay’s proposals
after months, henry clay won majority support through three bills
1) admit missouri as a slave holding state
2) admit maine as free state
3) prohibit slavery in lousinana territory above latitude 36 o 60’
houses on clay proposal
- both houses passed
- monroe signed
- missouri compromise
monroe doctrine
- us foreign policy originated by james monroe said any intervention by external powers int he politics of us is a hostile act
- they create the doctrine without having britain officially sign
- monroe promises he will keep europe from intervening with western republic
- wasn’t a big deal, but becomes cornerstone of foreign policy
monroe doctrine context
- end of napolienic wars - re-establishes monarch rule in europe
1) several republics popping up to SA
2) spanish wants to re-establish colonial holdings
3) british and us want to keep European powers out of america
opposition to war with britain
- people called it “mr. Madison’s war”
- most outspoken against: NE merchants, federalists, quids/old DRs
