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MIDTERM Flashcards

all lifted from lectures or ppts

1
Q

native american established society

A
  • advanced and organized
  • kinship ties
  • religious
  • farmers
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2
Q

why did europeans explore (to asia)

A
  • 1300s, europe importing vast quantities from asia
  • when the mongol empire collapsed, flow of goods declined
  • europeans searched for a new route to asia
    (spain, portugal, england, france)
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3
Q

portugal early exploration

A
  • best prepared
  • prince henry the navigator opened first school to teach navigation and map making
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4
Q

conquistadors

A

spanish explorers
- god, spread christianity
- gold, wealth, spices, etc
- glory, to gain fame

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5
Q

new spain

A
  • south america, mexico, florida, the southwest us
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6
Q

new netherlands

A
  • seen as wedge between north and south English colonies
  • 1664 english take over
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7
Q

christopher columbus goals

A

1st exploration
- find a new route to asia
- spread christianity

2nd exploration
- gold
- slaves

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8
Q

columbus voyage

A
  • first landed in bahamas, thought he reached the indies so he called the natives “indians”
  • found cuba and thought it was the coast of china
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9
Q

between christopher columbus and the english colonization of america

A
  • england did not try to colonize for 80 years after christopher columbus
  • government is broke!
  • john cabot found no gold (what)
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10
Q

christopher columbus - total profile

A
  • 4 trips across atlantic
  • his journey was a catalyst to centuries of exploration and exploitation
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11
Q

columbian exchange

A
  • blending of old world and new world plants, animals, and diseases
  • natives introduced ueorpeans to crops, europeans introduced tech & livestock
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12
Q

columbian exchange negative effects

A
  • europeans brought bacteria and viruses
  • natives had never encountered these diseases before and had no immunity
  • north america introduced different bacteria to europeans but it didn’t cause catastrophic collapse of population
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13
Q

salutary neglect

A
  • england’s policy of little interference in the colonies
  • colonies given “relative autonomy” or freedom to rule themeslves
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14
Q

why did salutary neglect happen

A
  • inability to enforce laws: no effective enforcement agencies
  • distance and transport: 3000 miles to travel
  • complex logistics: required difficult coordination of people, facilities, and supplies
  • politically too risky: dissastified and discontented colonists would ally with france
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15
Q

colonial governments in 1700s

A
  • 2 house legislative bodies
  • upper house and lower hours
    (somewhat representative)

although most colonies had a form of legislative body, they all had governors appointed by the crown

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16
Q

navigation act economic PROs

A
  • guaranteed consumer to buy crops
  • guaranteed to be able to buy manufactured goods
  • gave protection to merchant ships
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17
Q

navigation act economic NEGs

A
  • increased prices to buy imported goods
  • increased cost of business of merchants
  • limited competition for trade
  • limited growth of the economy
  • one-crop virginians -> indebted because of importing goods
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18
Q

sedition

A

any action, spoken or written, that encourages people to disobey their government and incite a rebellion against authority or lawl

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19
Q

libel

A

a written form of defamation; false statement that can hurt one’s reputation

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20
Q

libel then and now

A
  • today, libel means tha published written words are both false and intended to cause harm
  • at the time, libel charge simply meant that zinger published content that was publicly critical of the governer, which was against the laws
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21
Q

john zenger

A
  • 1734-1735
  • publishing information about royal governer
  • zenger was trying to make ends meet as a printer

> prosecution: attorney general bradley
defense: andrew hamilton

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22
Q

zenger trial sides

A
  • trial objective: zinger wrote libel about the ny governer (appointed by king, therefore insulting king of england)
  • hamilton’s defense argued right to trial and defend actions, and that zenger wrote is the truth. he advocated to freedom of the press/speech
  • bradley, the prosecutor claimed it would cause more lies and stories and less support to government
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23
Q

zenger trial results

A
  • not guilty
    1) truth of a printed statement is a complete defense in a libel case
    2) jury may decide on the truth of the statement
  • zenger’s case did not immediately change the law, but it was the first step on the path to support for freedom of expression (1st admenment)
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24
Q

john winthrop

A
  • founder/gov of massachusetts bay colony
  • puritain (part of great migration)
  • city upon a hill
  • the great experiment: upholds promise of god, model for christian charity, unity of the world
  • exceptionalism
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25
Q

enlightenment

A
  • challenge authority of church with rationalism
  • believed natural laws applied to social, political, and economic relationships

john locke: born with blank slate - minds shaped by society & natural rights

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26
Q

before the great awakening

A

most colonies had two established religions:
- congregationalism: largest religion in New England (puritans and other dissidents who broke away from the church of england)
- anglicanism: largest religion in New York and the southern colonies (same as church of england)

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27
Q

the great awakening

A

revival of religious feelings
- many americans embraced european religious movement
- centered around farmers, workers, and slaves

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28
Q

the great awakening leaders

A

johnathon edwards: “born again”
george whitefield: challenged authority

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29
Q

old lights vs new lights

A

traditionalists vs reformers

new lights: presbyterianism, methodism, baptism
old lights: congregationalists, anglicans

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30
Q

effects of great awakening

A
  • churches grew as a result of the GA
  • challenged authority and hierarchy of established churches
  • anyone can be converted and born again

gave way to…
1) national unity
2) attitude that went against deferential english political and religious thinking
3) individualism

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31
Q

george whitefield’s popularity

A
  1. charitable - orphan houses
  2. excellent and convincing orator
  3. representative of god - save souls, save world, individual power, inclusion, rebellion against other religious leaders
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32
Q

eetriangular trade

A
  • europeans were looking for a labor force to work in america
  • europeans produce manufactured goods, traded for african slaves
  • slaves taken to america, sold for money to buy raw materials (middle passage, 10-15% died)
  • raw materials taken to europe to make manufactured goods
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33
Q

status of africans during 17th century

A
  • some were permanently slaves
  • some testified against white people in court
  • one county: black slaves who were baptized successfully sued for their freedom
  • some tolerance of interracial marrages
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34
Q

indentured servants

A

free after service term, allowed to own property and marry after a term of service

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35
Q

black slaves vs white servants

A
  • colonists began to distinguish between their status
  • va was the first colony to declare it was not a crime to kill an unruly slave in the course of punishments
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36
Q

factors that led to enslaved africans

A

until mid 1660s, white indentured servants met labor needs
- however English birth rates had fell and few workers were competing
- great fire of 1666 burned London and there was a need for labor to rebuild the city
- chesapeake region planters turned to enslaved africans to replenish labor force

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37
Q

indentured servants burdens

A

1) slaves didnt need their own land
2) slaves didnt become free
3) slaves were “better investments”
4) slave codes controlled labor

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38
Q

bacon’s rebellion

A

1676, friction between farmers, former indentured servants, and coastal planters in VA exploded
- nathaniel bacon(wealthy landowner) lead the rebellion
- burned the capital at Jamestown, plundered plantations, offered freedom to indentured servants
- bacon felt the govt failed to protect colonies from natives

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39
Q

result of bacon’s rebellion

A
  • bacon died during revolt of disease
  • uprising collapsed
  • fear of servant unrest encouraged planters to replace white indentured servants with black slaves
  • number of slaves tripled from 4.5k to 12k in just 20 years.
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40
Q

mercantilism ideas

A

1) there is a set amount of wealth in the world, and the goal of every country is to control as much as possible
2) countries should have colonies where they harvest raw materials and sell products
3) export more than import!!!

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41
Q

mercantilism: mother country

A

good for mother country:
- increased trading opportunities
- exports made them wealthy
- motivated european imperialism

bad for mother country
- overly dependent on colonies
- continuous management of colony
- tense competition in europe

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42
Q

mercantilism: colony

A

good for colony:
- traders and merchants have a definite buyer
- supply of silver/gold form spain - advantage
- colonies economy can boom due to exports

bad for colony
- trade restrictions, stifles competition & capitalism
- cannot trade to country of choice
- less opportunity for jobs and social mobility
- vulnerable
- resentment over restrictions

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43
Q

trade and navigation acts

A

1) good shipped on british and colonial ships
2) foreign goods shipped via british ports
3) limits on colonial manufacturing
4) enumerated commodities: only shipped to gb

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44
Q

first colony

A
  • first colonies located on eastern coast: JAMESTOWN! 1607
  • sponsored by virginia company of london (group of investors wanting to profit from expansion of other europeans nations, seek a northwest passage, and convert native americans to the anglican religion)
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45
Q

second settlers - pilgrims

A

settled 13 years after Jamestown in 1620
- “pilgrim fathers” left england searching for religious freedom
- mayflower, 100 people
- on board, 41 men signed the “mayflower compact”
- settled in Plymouth, now massachusetts

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46
Q

early colonial interaction with natives

A
  • pilgrims discovered natives
  • seized them, put them into slavery, or killed them via the plague
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47
Q

dutch settlers

A
  • 1624
  • settled along the hudson river and called it NEW AMSTERDAM
  • eventually dutch driven away by english settlers and renamed it to new york
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48
Q

colonial religion

A
  • early american colonists were very religious
  • there were no churches established yet, so people went to houses to pray
  • immigrants brought religion
  • by the end of 18th century, catholicism & judaism developed in america
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49
Q

colonial government & law

A
  • colonies had governors chosen by english king
  • many had assemblies similar to parliament in england
  • passed laws and collected taxes
  • those who paid taxes and owned land could vote
  • women couldn’t vote, married women couldn’t own land
  • people needed to be of a religion to vote

british govt. passed laws for colonies

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50
Q

social hierarchy in cities

A
  • wealthy merchants controlled trade via imported clothes, mansions, and carriages
  • artisan skilled workers were 50% of the population
  • 30% of population worked as harbor/servants
  • 10-20% enslaved africans
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51
Q

new england

A

massachusetts, connecticut, new hampshire, rhode island

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52
Q

new england climate

A

bitterly cold winters and mild summers

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53
Q

new england geography

A
  • flat land, close to the coastline. hilly and mountainous farther inland
  • soil was generally rocky, making farming difficult
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54
Q

new england religion

A

puritans: mainly in MA
- reformers seeking to “purify” christianity
- strict rules and was intolerant of other religions
- life in new england was dominated by church – there would be consequence for failure to attend
- singers and celebrating holidays were prohibited

quakers/presbyterians - more religious freedom in RI

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55
Q

new england economy

A

dependent on oceans and rivers
- fishing was most important
- grew wealthy through triangular trade

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56
Q

middle colonies

A

mid-atlantic region of america

new york, pennsylvania, new Jersey, delaware

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57
Q

middle colonies climate

A

warm summer and cold winters

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58
Q

middle colonies geography

A

ideal for agriculture. coastal plains along the coastlines - good for shipping, rolling hills in the middle, and mountains farther inland

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59
Q

middle colonies religion

A

religion varied: no single religion seemed to dominate the region. religious tolerance attracted immigrants from a wide range of foreign countries

  • many quakers in PA & NJ
  • catholics, jews, lutherans, and presbyterians had significant numbers in middle colonies
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60
Q

southern colonies

A

maryland, virginia, north and south carolina, georgia

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61
Q

southern colonies climate

A

hot summers and wild winters
- advanced diseased

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62
Q

southern colonies georgaphy

A
  • costal plans in east to piedmont farther inland
  • westernmost regions were mountainous
  • perf for farming
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63
Q

southern colonies religion

A
  • mostly anglican (baptist or presbyterian)
  • original settlers from the maryland colony were catholic; safe haven for catholics
  • religion was not center of community, people live on plantations that were often distant and spread out
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64
Q

southern colonies economy

A
  • largely based on agriculture
  • cash crops (tobacco) grown on large plantations where slave and indentured servants works
  • charleston, sc: center of american slave trade
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65
Q

how did britain seek control over the north american empire

A
  • imperalism
  • mercantlilism
  • navigation acts
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66
Q

how did british pay for the f&i war

A
  • war left britain deeply in debt
  • george greenville thought colonists had gained so much from the war that they should tax the colonists
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67
Q

sugar act (1764)

A

tax on sugar and molasses imported from foreign colonies (hurts trade)

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68
Q

stamp act (1765)

A
  • first direct tax imposed by britain on american colonies
  • taxed all printed materials including news papers, pamphlets, legal documents, dice, and playing cards
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69
Q

quartering act (1765)

A

required the colonies to house british soldiers in barracks provided but he colonies

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70
Q

currency act (1766)

A
  • parliament assuming control of colonial currency system
  • hard currency system based on the pound sterling
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71
Q

townshend act (1767)

A
  • indirect taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea
  • eventually exempted all taxes except tea
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72
Q

colonial reactions to the act

A
  1. sons of liberty - intimidation
  2. stamp act congress - appealing to king (first time in 150 years colonies came together for common interest) (declaration of rights and grievances - only own reps can tax)
  3. boycotts continue - hurt merchants and workers in britain (1/3 of british exports went to america)
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73
Q

colonial reaction overview

A
  • shortage of hard capital would further exacerbate situation
  • stamp act lead colonists to fear and resent the wealthy
  • all stamp distributors were elite, seen as privileged servants of london
  • colonists wanted to raise their own taxes (they did raise 10k soldiers yearly for 3 years)
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74
Q

british response to colonial reactions

A
  • repealed stamp act
  • passed declamatory act, gave parliament the right to pass laws, increase taxes in colonies
  • parliament looked weak when stamp act repealed, so dec. act was weak
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75
Q

bread riots

A
  • british tried taxing wheat on england
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76
Q

tea act

A
  • eliminates taxes on british east india company in england
  • however, colonists still pay taxes on british tea
  • the company sells tea lower in america than dutch tea, but could lead to monopoly
  • most colonies buy british tea anyway because smuggled tea is risky
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77
Q

tea tax STATS

A
  • gb started taxing tea mid 1600s
  • tea tax accounted for 10% of britain’s income
  • tea culturally & politically significant, consumption increased 200 fold and 15 million ponds were imported
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78
Q

boston tea party

A
  • patriot group sons of liberty protested monopoly
  • seized 342 chests of tea in a midnight raid and threw them into the harbor
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79
Q

coercive acts

A

- closed boston port to cripple economies and put pressure to pay for tea that was destroyed
- prevented town meetings
- require colonists in MA to have british soldiers sleep and eat in their homes

  • central issue between B & colonies: intolerable acts
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80
Q

writs of assistance

A
  • another restriction on the colonists pose tea act
  • general search warrant issue by superior provincial court to assist british govt in enforcing trade and navigation laws
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81
Q

problem explodes

A
  • 1770: boston massacre
  • 1773: boston tea party
  • 1774: intolerable acts
    > first continental congress
    > lexington and concord
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82
Q

boston massacre

A

killing of five colonists by british regulars
- result of tensions in american colonies against british
- tensions since royal troops first appeared in ma 1768
- troops arrived to enforce heavy tax burden from the townshend acts
- 4k soliders: 15k colonists

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83
Q

lexington & concord

A
  • shots heard round the world
  • paul revere and other riders sounded the alarm
  • confrontation at lexington began fight, british retreated
  • colonists proved they stood a chance
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84
Q

paul revere

A
  • never shouted legendary phrase “british are coming”
  • operation was meant o be discreet since british troops were hiding out in ma countryside
  • colonial americans still considered them british then
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85
Q

common sense

A
  • author: thomas paine
  • 26 page pamphlet
  • plain, simple language to express concerns over british control
  • encouraged the colonies to seek independence
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86
Q

possible causes of fi war

A

- controlling resources
- controlling trade
- inability to coexist
- social darwinism

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87
Q

seven year war actors & locations

A
  • austria, france, great britain, prussia, sweden
  • battles fought in europea, india, na
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88
Q

french and indian war name origin

A

american theatre

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89
Q

french and indian war

A
  • britain vs france
  • tensions were building towards conflict since late 1600
  • fought over colonial domination in na, caribbean, and indian
  • fought over control of ohio river valley
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90
Q

france and england

A
  • several conflicts in homeland
  • spilled over into north america
  • france had greater success of winning indian support, spain joined its side
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91
Q

f&i war alliances

A

france, spain, alogonquins, hurons VS great britain, iroquois

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92
Q

britain in f&i war

A
  • england urged the colonists to become aligned with the iroquois (they controlled western ny)
  • homeland lacked interest in war
  • colonies raised troops in america to support british
    > borrowed money from colonies to pay for war in europe and in north america
    > reimbursed the colonies for raising troops
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93
Q

significance of peace conference treaty 1763

A
  • ended the f&i war
  • strengthened colonies
  • removal of european rival to north and south
  • opened mississippi valley for westward expansion
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94
Q

treaty of paris (1763)

A
  • ended the war

british: canada from france and all land east of mississippi and florida from spain

france: keep west indian sugar islands

spain: gave up louisiana & florida & gained land west of mississippi

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95
Q

colonies founded or ruled by royal charter

A

virginia, new york, new hampshire, massachusetts, new jersey, north carolina, south carolina, and georgia

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96
Q

colonies owned by a family or individual

A

pennsylvania, delaware, and maryland

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97
Q

colonies governed under charters

A

rhode island and connecticut

98
Q

colonies system of government

A
  1. president-general: to be appointed and supported by the crown
  2. grand council, to be chosen by the reps of the people (make laws, raise taxes, defend colonies)
  3. representatives from each colonies
99
Q

albany conference

A
  • albany plan of union - benjamin franklin
  • proposed that the colonies unite to form a federal government
  • discuss plans to defeat the french (seeds of union)
100
Q

pro and cons of albany plan of union

A

pro: stronger line of defense

con: colonies lose power

101
Q

unity in the colonies

A
  • despite what many people expected, after the f&I war new british policies angered the colonists
  • despite differences, colonies united!!
102
Q

clashes with native americans (ohio valley)

A
  • with the french gone, english colonists traveled west to claim land
  • much of ohio valley was inhabited by native and lead to clashes between natives vs colonists
  • 1762, british sent lord Jeffrey to the frontier to keep peace
  • instead, he raised prices of goods being traded to natives and allowed settlers to build things on native land
  • native americans found a leader (pontiac, an ottawa chief) who fought on the side of th efrench
103
Q

pontiac’s war

A
  • pontiac attacked british troops at fort detroit
  • the war did not act long, in october 1763 the french informed pontiac they signed the treaty of paris
  • this meant that French no longer had control in NA. the natives could not get French aid and by december the british controlled the frontier
104
Q

proclamation of 1763

A
  • pontiac’s war convinced british officials they should stop settlement beyond the western frontier
  • the proclamation of 1763 drew an imaginary line along the crest of the appalachian mountains
  • colonists were forbidden to settle west of the line and those who already lived there were forced to remove themselves
105
Q

problems with proclamation 1763

A
  • enforcement: 10k troops
  • angered the colonists as they were forced to pay for british troops sent to enforce, and already had claimed land in the west
  • many colonists ignored the proclamation and moved west anyway
106
Q

what pushes the colonists to the edge?

A
  • the enlightenment
  • influx of immigrants from other parts of europe
  • liberalism
  • imposing taxes
107
Q

writing the declaration of independence

A
  • explains why the 13 colonies wanted independence from gb
  • reps from 13 colonies selected thomas jefferson to write the declaration
108
Q

olive branch petition

A
  • final attempt to avoid war between colonies and gb
  • petition affirmed american loyalty to gb and entreated the king to prevent further conflict
  • petition was rejected
109
Q

second continental congress

A
  • 48 delegates met in philideplhia
  • committee of five = responsible for drafting the document for independence
  • aa, women, working class, loyalists, and native americans not represented
110
Q

parts of declaration

A
  1. preamble
  2. declaration of natural rights
  3. list of grievances
  4. resolution of independence
111
Q

preamble

A
  • legally and philosophically justify the revolution
  • explanation for the already existing separation occuring
112
Q

declaration of natural rights

A
  • how a govt. should be run
  • greatly influenced by english philosopher john locke
  • if govt. does not allow citizens to enjoy certain rights and freedoms, they have a right to replace the govt.
113
Q

list of grievanes

A
  • condemns the behavior of king george
  • listing tyrannical actions that forced his american subjects to rebel
114
Q

resolution of independence

A
  • final paragraph in which the delegates declare independence
115
Q

colonies attempt to address greivances

A
  • stamp act congress
  • committee of correspondence
  • first continental congress (response to coervcice acts)
  • second continental congress
  • olive branch petition
116
Q

committee of correspondence

A
  • nearly every colony had created one by 1774
  • exchange of communication, ideas, information, etc between colonies
  • helped mobilize patriotic disobedience to crown
  • pivoted colonial unity and ability
  • built foundations for a continental congress
117
Q

the plain truth

A
  • colonies will lose gb protection - taken over by another foreign power
  • gb provides economic safety net, constant consumer taken away
  • laws are needed for liberty
  • colonies are not qualified to govern themselves, not unified therefore not strong enough
  • colonies cant defeat gb
  • colonies won’t flourish w/o gb
118
Q

abigail adams

A
  • remember the ladies
  • patriots/fathers should be fighting for equal rights of women too
  • women rights not protected means that the women may begin a revolution similar to the patriots
119
Q

british strat - revolutionary war

A
  • convince americans their cause is hopeless
  • build up forces and capture NYC, split colonies in half
  • peace conference with delegates from continental congress (pardoned if surrender, REJECTED)
120
Q

washington strategy

A
  • avoid large scale confrontation
  • guerrilla warfare tactics
  • keep morale high
121
Q

colonial advantage - rev war

A
  • support from france, spain, netherlands
  • no single capitol to be taken down
  • avoid big confrontation
  • large area of land hard to control
  • fought on their own soil
  • large support for the war (1/3 of the population)
122
Q

british advantages - rev war

A
  • large # of troops
  • stronger and more skilled army
  • controlled the seas
  • enticed 1000s of slaves to side with lord dunmore proclamation
  • hired 30k german mercenaries
  • central govt. to make desiions
  • 20k:5k ratio
123
Q

battle of bunker hill (1775)

A
  • first major battle of rev war
  • technically lost, but promotes support for cause b/c british didn’t further pursue into south Boston
  • if they did, it could’ve been detrimental to colonial forces
124
Q

battle of bunker hill setting

A

where: charlestown, boston
when: june 1775

125
Q

1776 battles

A
  • washington abandoned ny, fled throughout nj
  • enlistments expired at the end of 1776
  • congress. low on money
  • washington had 2.4k men
  • the crisis by thomas paine –> battle of Trenton…
126
Q

battle of trenton (1776)

A
  • one hour battle
  • element of surprise against the hessians
  • captured nearly nine hundred hessians & supplies
  • proved that the americans were willing to take all means for their independence
  • hessians army was crushed
  • invigorated americans
127
Q

battle of trenton setting

A

when: december 26, 1776
where: trenton, new jersey
who: gw/continental army across the delaware river to trenton

128
Q

john andre

A
  • british army officer hanged as a spy by the continental army for assisting in the attempted surrender
129
Q

nathan hale

A
  • 21 years old, hung for being a patriot spy
  • “i only regret that i have but one life to lose for my country”
130
Q

baylor massacre setting

A

when: september 7, 1778
where: river vale, new jersey

131
Q

baylor massacre

A
  • british major general Charles gray sent troops into a housing place for soldiers
  • killed at least 69 colonial soldiers & captured significant officers
  • lead to the death of many in the continental army
  • let the british have free passage through bergen county and allowed them to move freely north and south as they pleased
132
Q

winter at valley forge (1777-1778)

A
  • washington’s men faced illness, desertion, and enlistments ran out
  • 2.5k/10k died
  • baron von steuben came to train the army. drilled amateur troops and instructed them in use of bayonet
133
Q

winter at valley forge setting

A

when: winter 1777-17778
where: located at valley forge in southeastern pennsylvania
- close to british so that washington could keep tabs on them

134
Q

winter of morristown

A
  • washington marches with continental army and sets up hq
  • surronding hills allowed washington to keep an eye on rbitsih
  • gave washington time to reorganize, train, and instill discipline
  • promised cash adn land bonuses in effort to recruit troops
135
Q

winter of morristown setting

A

where: morristown, nj
when: january 6th, 1777

136
Q

battle of princeton (1777)

A
  • win for americans
  • drove the british out of southern new jersey
  • got more people to join the rebellion (8k in the following months)
137
Q

battle of saratoga setting

A

when: fall of 1777
where: saratoga, ny

138
Q

battle of saratoga (1777)

A
  • lead to british surrender
  • turning point in revolution (convinced french to side with the americans)
  • france provided america with money and needed supplies
  • lafayette served w/o pay
139
Q

southern strategy (1778-1781)

A

british: capture south, sweep north
us: tire british under cornwallis and slowly retreat

  • by now, britain concentrated in NYC after battle of monmouth due to fear of france blockade
  • stalemate in the north
  • continental army spent most of the winter in morristown
  • britsih captured major cities like charlestown and savannah
  • defeated the british at kings mountain in nc and owpens in sc
140
Q

battle of yorktown setting

A

when: october 16, 1781
where: yorktown, virginia
who: british forces commanded by general cornwallis

141
Q

battle of yorktown

A
  • cornwallis came to virginia and took control of british troops
  • french fleet won a naval victory against british
  • when washington arrived, cornwallis knew it was over and decided to surrender
142
Q

significance of battle of yorktown

A
  • cornwallis surrender gave citory to americans
  • battle of yorktown marked end of the war
  • led to end of revolutionary way
  • peace negotiations between continetnal congress and british govt. –> treaty of paris 1783
143
Q

treaty of Paris 1783

A
  • america recognized as free
  • boundraries go to mississippi river
  • debts to be paid to britain
  • loyalists get property back
  • both british and americans can use mississippi river
144
Q

rev war TL

A
  1. treaty of Paris 1763
  2. stamp act & other series of taxes enacted
  3. battle of lexington & concord (b)
  4. battle of bunker hill (b)
  5. declaration of independence - july 4, 1776
  6. battle of long island - nyc captured (b)
  7. “the american crisis”
  8. crossing of delaware river
  9. battle of trenton (c)
  10. battle of princeton (c)
  11. battle of saratoga (c)
  12. battle of yorktown (c)
  13. treaty of paris 1783
145
Q

who won battle of lexington & concord

146
Q

who won battle of bunker hill

147
Q

who won battle of long island

148
Q

who won battle of trenton

149
Q

who won battle of princeton

150
Q

who won battle of saratoga

151
Q

who won battle of yorktown

152
Q

results of revolutionary war

A
  • the previously unallowed appalachian mountains were now open for settlement
  • us now could trade freely with other countries of the world
  • us independent, can create and manage own government
153
Q

new national government

A
  • citizens of new country did not want the national government to be so large and powerful that it became like the english parliament with a ruling king
154
Q

rev war changes society

A
  • higher class has smaller influence
  • anglican class overthrown: victory for freedom of religion
  • northern states begin to get rid of slavery
155
Q

articles of confederation

A

first set of rules defining the authority of the federal gov in us
- confederation: loose union of the states under authority of congress
- confederation congress: delegates sent from each state once a year
- no executive or judicial branches

156
Q

state powers under aoc

A
  • taxation
  • create a state court system
  • enforce laws passed by congress
  • all powers not delegated to national govt.
157
Q

national powers under aoc

A
  • declare war and wage war
  • make treaties
  • settle disputes between states
  • petitioner request money
  • direct operations of land and naval forces
158
Q

weakness of aoc

A
  • national gov cannot impose or collect taxes
  • no national currency
  • no national court system
  • no executive branch (weak central govt)
  • no power to regulate trade amongthe states
  • 1 vote per state 9/13 or 2/3 majority needed to pass laws
  • unanimous consent needed to amend aoc
159
Q

aoc congress

A
  • could not enforce laws
  • dependent on willingness of states to carry out measures, many states refused to coop.
  • no control over foriegn commerce
  • no national draft
  • states can tax one another, gov. cannot regulate interestate trade
160
Q

limits of aoc -> failutres

A
  • unable to pay off debt from war (lower credit, unable to borrow money)
  • discord among states taxing each other (economic depression)
  • government was powerless (suppressing shay’s rebellion)
161
Q

causes for reform aoc

A
  1. westward expansion
  2. diplomatic relations with gb and spain
  3. violent confrontations with indians
  4. aoc weakness
  5. empty us treasury
162
Q

western policies

A

1787 - northwest ordinance
- land was surveyed and sold to individuals for a profit
- a way to avoid fraud

163
Q

northwest ordinance

A
  • congress chose a governor, a secretary and 3 judges for the whole territory
  • congress set rules for how to become a state
  • poulation of 60k to enter cont. congress
  • territories had freedom of religion, property, and trial
    - NO SLAVERY!
164
Q

foriegn and domestic trouble

A
  • british tried to block us trade and refused to signa treaty of commerce
  • french demanded to be repaid for loans
  • north african pirates disrupted us trade
  • states disputed over trade and state boundraries
165
Q

us economic crisis

A
  • us has a recession: economic slowdown
  • people could not pay for mortgages
  • people calle dofr govt to issue paper money
  • 1785, 7 states issue paper money but currency is weakened
166
Q

shay’s rebellion

A

1786 - MA decided to raise property taxes
- late august, farmers rebelled
- due to new laws, they became desperate. to save farms, they closed civil courts
- daninel shays organized groups of armed farmers to march to local debtors courts and stop them
- sought to prevent foreclosures: bank takeover of a private property
- defeated by MA milita

167
Q

shays rebellion impact

A
  • raised fears about stability of the new nation
  • violence, property, security of life
168
Q

annapolis meeting

A
  • 1786, MD
  • meeting was called to discuss and fix issues of interstate commerce
  • 12 men from 5 states showed up
  • not enough states were represented to even come to an agreement (9/13 people)
169
Q

states represented

A

all except rhode island, they were worried they would be too small and wouldn’t be represented

170
Q

james madison

A

father of constituion
- attended every meeting, took notes, our best record of what went on
- gw elected unanimously

171
Q

charles pickney

A
  • sc
  • 43 of his ideas are included in the final draft
  • bicameral legislature, commander in chief, state of the union, terms like: house, senate, president
  • representation based on the size of states
172
Q

virgina plan

A
  • proposed by big states
  • bicameral (2 houses)
  • # of congressmen based on population (elected by people, elected by 1st house)
173
Q

new jersey plan

A
  • supported by smaller states
  • unicameral, 1 house with the same number of representatives/votes
174
Q

the great compromise

A
  • combination of both plans
  • bicameral congress (2 houses)
    > house of rep off populations
    > senate - everyone gets 2 reps
175
Q

president (executive)

A
  • veto laws
  • appoints judges
  • in charge of military
176
Q

senators & representatives (legislative)

A
  • pass laws over president’s veto
  • approve president’s appt. and remove judges
  • controls budgets
177
Q

supreme court (judicial)

A
  • can declare laws unconstitutional
  • can declare acts by president unconstitutional
178
Q

slavery became a major issue..

A
  • in the south, slaves were 1/3 of the population
  • south wanted them to count in their pop so they would have more rep
  • north did not want slaves to count b/c the south would overpower them in congress
179
Q

3/5 compromise

A

count 3/5 of the total number of slaves as population
5 black people = 3 white people

  • slaves still could not work
  • they wouldn’t discuss slavery again until 20 years later
180
Q

legislative branch

A
  1. congress
    > senate
    > HoR
181
Q

executive branch

A
  1. president
  2. vp
  3. cabinet
182
Q

judiciary brnach

A
  1. supreme court
  2. other federal courts
183
Q

legislative check on executive

A
  • congress controls the budget
  • pass laws over the president veto and can impeach the presl
184
Q

legislative check on judical

A
  • senate confirms the president nominations
    -senate can impeach judges
185
Q

executive check on legislative

A

president can veto congressional legislation

186
Q

executive check on judicial

A

president nominates judges

187
Q

judicial check on executive

A

court can declare president unconstitutional

188
Q

judicial check on legislative

A

court can declare laws unconstitutional

189
Q

federalists papers

A
  • alexander hamilton, john jay, james madison
  • alexander joins forces with James madison and john jay to write a series of essays defending the US constitution
  • the plan was to write a total of 25 essays the work divided evenly among the three men
  • they wrote 85 essays; john jay got sick after writing five; james madison wrote 29; hamilton wrote the other 51
190
Q

principles of constituion

A
  1. limited government
  2. republicanism
  3. popular sovereignty
  4. separation of powers
  5. federalism
  6. checks and balances
  7. individual rights
191
Q

supremacy clause

A
  • fed constitution and fed law takes precedence over state laws
  • states cannot interfere with federal government exercise of constitutional power
192
Q

the elastic clause

A
  • necessary & proper
  • allowing congress to make laws not specifically mentioned in the constitution
193
Q

republic

A

a constitution of charter of rights protects certain inalienable rights that cannot be taken away from the government, even if it has been elected by a majority of votes

194
Q

democracy

A

in a “pure democracy”, the majority is not restrained in this way and can impose its will on the minority

195
Q

negatives of democracy

A
  • any minorities have no protection against the unlimited power of the majority
196
Q

positives of republics

A
  • has a written constitution of basic rights that protect the minority
  • all citizens get equal say in decisions
197
Q

popular sovereignty

A

govt created by consent of people

198
Q

federalism

A

power divided between federal and state govt

199
Q

separation of powers

A
  • legislative branch
  • executive branch
  • judicial branch
200
Q

check and balance

A
  • branches can control one another
  • veto
  • impeach
201
Q

federalist stance

A
  • national gov
  • hamilton
  • loose interpretations of constitution
  • strong national gov run by smartest, richest people
  • banking, manufacturing, and trade
  • urban northeast
202
Q

anti federalist stance

A

democratic-republicans
- state gov
- jefferson
- strict interpretation of constitution
- ordinary people and state should have most power
- farming most important
- rural south and west

203
Q

washington’s presidency

A
  • first president of the us
  • appoints cabinet users
    > hamilton secretary of treasury
    > jefferson secretary of state
    > henry knox appointed secretary of war
204
Q

judiciary act 1789

A
  • early congress
  • establishes a supreme court
    > 1 chief justice
    > 5 associate justices
  • empowered to rule on constitutionality
  • john jay, first chief of justice
205
Q

hamilton

A

federalist, not concerned with state issues

206
Q

hamilton’s appointment

A
  1. congress assumes (takes on) states debt
    > opposed by madison
    > settled with exchange for putting the capital in dc
  2. protective tariff and 8% excise tax on whiskey
  3. national bank - gave birth to strict vs loose constructions philosphies
207
Q

hamilton’s national bank

A

a) a place to deposit us money and have the money to print banknotes
b) create a more stable currency

evolved to federal reserve

208
Q

federal reserve

A

manipulate interests to fight inflation

209
Q

enumerated power

A

the national government only has the powers specifically mentioned in the constitution

210
Q

implied power

A

the national government has powers not written in the constitution but are necessary to run the country

211
Q

foreign affairs - french rev.

A
  • should we help revolutionaries or stay out of it
  • supported french in establishing a republic but were horrified by mob hysteria and mass executions
212
Q

proclamation of neutrality (1793)

A
  • washington sides with federalists
  • jefferson resigns
213
Q

foreign affairs - jay treaty (1794)

A
  • british outposts on western frontier
  • impressment of us seamen into british naval service
  • John jay goes to britain to negotaite the treaty, britain agrees to leave posts but the ship issue is unresolved
214
Q

foreign affairs - pickney treaty (1795)

A
  • spain opens new orleans port to trade
  • spain opens mississippi river
  • concedes northern florida territory to us
    (they were worried the us was getting too close to britain so they made a treaty to to open ports and relinquish land)
215
Q

domestic concerns - battle of fallen timbers (1794)

A
  • last major conflict of nw territory between us and natives
  • us troops had victory over confederation of indian warriors
  • treaty of greenville-procured ohio
  • opened up much of ohio to white settlers
216
Q

domestic concerns - whiskey rebellion (1794)

A
  • wash sends 15k militiamen to squash rebellion
217
Q

washington’s final address

A
  • don’t get involved in European affairs
  • don’t make “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs
  • don’t form political parties
  • don’t fall into sectionalism
218
Q

john adams

A

second president - thomas jefferson was his vp

219
Q

xyz affair

A
  • french gov regarded jay treaty as violation of french-american alliance
  • adams sent men to france to wrk out the problems, but xyz tried to force a loan of 10m and a bribe of 250k
  • americans refused, so france seized american ships so they couldn’t trade with england
220
Q

xyz affair led to

A
  • anti french sentiment
  • congress created a naval department and authorized ships to seize french vessels
  • us and france never went to war but the situation damaged adam’s standing in the federalist party
221
Q

quasi war

A
  • result of xyz affair
  • jefferson wanted to avoid war, published information
  • backfired, public opinion now favored war against france (felt humiliated)
  • undeclared war between us and france
222
Q

alien & sedition acts

A
  • president adams criticized for xyz affair by democratic republican newspapers
  • he blamed the papesr and new immigrants for his problems
  • one act increased waiting period for us citizens from 5-14 years
  • other acts gave the president the power to arrest ‘disloyal aliens’ or order them out
  • fourth act outlawed sedition - saying anything harmful or false about govt. became illegal
223
Q

response 2 the alien & sedition acts

A
  • virginia and kentucky claimed the right to declare null andvoid acts
224
Q

1800s election

A

john adams = president
- thomas pickney = vice president

VS

thomas jefferson = president

225
Q

midnight judges

A
  • final days of john adams presidency he appointed 58 people to fill positions
  • they were part of his own partym
  • appointed chief justice, justice of peace, and federal judges
226
Q

marbury vs madison

A
  • adams and the midnights judges
  • federal justice appointments (commissions)
  • marbury sues using the supreme court to get his commission
227
Q

judicial review

A

the power to decide whether laws passed by congress are constitutional and get rid of laws that are not

228
Q

decision (judicial review)

A
  • judiciary act of 1789: made no provision for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving to congress
  • marbury won the case and was to be appointed justice of peace but never got his appointed position
229
Q

significance of marbury

A

supreme court ruled
- congress cannot pass laws that are contrary to the constitution
- role of judicial system to interpret what the constitution permits
- thus judiciary cat of 1789 was the first act of congress to be partially invalidated by the supreme court

230
Q

amendment 1

A

freedom of speech, religion, petition, assembly

231
Q

amendment 2

A

freedom to bear arms (if you are an adult and licensed)

232
Q

amendment 3

A

right to not have to quarter soldiers

233
Q

amendment 4

A

no unreasonable search or seizure

234
Q

amendment 5

A

right to due proccess of law

235
Q

amendment 6

A

right to speedy and public trial

236
Q

amendment 7

A

right to trial by jury

237
Q

amendment 8

A

right against excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment

238
Q

amendment 9

A

you have rights not listed in constitution

239
Q

amendment 10

A

other rights are left to the states of the people

US History I H (13 decks)

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