Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology > Unit 5-Diabetes > Flashcards

Unit 5-Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Metformin

Drug class

A

Biguanide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Metformin

Mechanism

A

Activates AMP-kinase and inhibits mitochondrial isoform of glycerophosphate dehydrogenase => decreases hepatic glucose production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Metformin

Uses

A

First-line therapy in diabetes due to no weight gain or hypoglycemia, reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Metformin

Side effects

A

Lactic acidosis (rare)

GI (diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, N & V), B12 deficiency

Contraindicated in renal impairment; low cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glipizide

Drug class

A

Sulfonylurea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glipizide

Mechanism

A

Closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels on β-cell plasma membrane –> stimulation of insulin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Glipizide

Side effects

A

Weight gain; hypoglycemia

May blunt myocardial ischemic preconditioning

Generally well-tolerated; low cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glyburide

Drug class

A

Sulfonylurea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glyburide

Mechanism

A

Closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels on β-cell plasma membrane –> stimulation of insulin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glyburide

Side effects

A

Weight gain; hypoglycemia

May blunt myocardial ischemic preconditioning

Long-acting (in general, avoid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Glimepiride

Drug class

A

Sulfonylurea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Glimepiride

Mechanism

A

Closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels on β-cell plasma membrane –> stimulation of insulin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Glimepiride

Side effects

A

Weight gain; hypoglycemia

May blunt myocardial ischemic preconditioning

Generally well-tolerated; low cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Repaglinide

Drug class

A

Meglitinide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Repaglinide

Mechanism

A

Closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels on β-cell plasma membrane –> stimulation of insulin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Repaglinide

Uses

A

Short-acting; dose with meals

Generic repaglinide available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Repaglinide

Side effects

A

Weight gain; hypoglycemia (less than sulfonylureas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nateglinide

Drug class

A

Meglitinide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nateglinide

Mechanism

A

Closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels on β-cell plasma membrane –> stimulation of insulin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nateglinide

Uses

A

Short-acting; dose with meals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nateglinide

Side effects

A

Weight gain; hypoglycemia (less than sulfonylureas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pioglitazone

Drug class

A

Thiazolidinedione

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pioglitazone

Mechanism

A

Binds PPAR-γ, a nuclear transcription factor; increases peripheral insulin sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pioglitazone

Uses

A

No hypoglycemia; increases HDL cholesterol, decreases triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Pioglitazone Side effects
Weight gain; edema; heart failure; bone fractures; macular edema Increased risk of bladder cancer; possible reduction in myocardial infarctions Generic available
26
Rosiglitazone Drug class
Thiazolidinedione
27
Rosiglitazone Mechanism
Binds PPAR-γ, a nuclear transcription factor; increases peripheral insulin sensitivity
28
Rosigitazone Uses
No hypoglycemia
29
Rosiglitazone Side effects
Weight gain; edema; heart failure; bone fractures; possible increase in cardiovascular events Increased LDL cholesterol Expensive; contraindicated in heart disease
30
Exenatide (Byetta, extended release Bydureon); Liraglutide (Victoza); Albiglutide (Tanzeum); Dulaglutide (Trulicity) Drug class
GLP-1 receptor agonist
31
Exenatide (Byetta, extended release Bydureon); Liraglutide (Victoza); Albiglutide (Tanzeum); Dulaglutide (Trulicity) Mechanism
Activates GLP-1 receptor in β-cells in the pancreas and brain; increases insulin secretion and decreases glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent fashion; slows gastric emptying, increases satiety; can cause weight loss
32
Exenatide (Byetta, extended release Bydureon); Liraglutide (Victoza); Albiglutide (Tanzeum); Dulaglutide (Trulicity) Uses
SubQ injection only (exenatide twice daily, extended release once weekly,liraglutide once daily, others once weekly
33
Exenatide (Byetta, extended release Bydureon); Liraglutide (Victoza); Albiglutide (Tanzeum); Dulaglutide (Trulicity) Side effects
GI (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea); acute panceatitis Hypoglycemia (less than sulfonylureas; caution with renal insufficiency; C cell hyperplasia/medullary thyroid tumors in rodents expensive
34
Sitagliptin (Januvia); Alogliptin (Nesina); Saxagliptin (Onglyza); Linagliptin (Tradjenta) Drug class
DPP-4 inhibitor
35
Sitagliptin (Januvia); Alogliptin (Nesina); Saxagliptin (Onglyza); Linagliptin (Tradjenta) Mechanism
Inhibition of GLP-1 metabolism; increases insulin and decreases glucagon secretion
36
Sitagliptin (Januvia); Alogliptin (Nesina); Saxagliptin (Onglyza); Linagliptin (Tradjenta) Uses
No hypoglycemia, weight neutral
37
Sitagliptin (Januvia); Alogliptin (Nesina); Saxagliptin (Onglyza); Linagliptin (Tradjenta) Side effects
Well tolerated; rarely urticaria/angioedema & pancreatitis; arthralgias Expensive
38
Canagliflozin (Invokana); Dapaglifloxin (Farxiga); Empaglifloxin (Jardiance) Drug class
SGLT2 inhibitor
39
Canagliflozin (Invokana); Dapaglifloxin (Farxiga); Empaglifloxin (Jardiance) Mechanism
Reduces glucose resorption in the kidney; increases urinary glucose excretion; alpha cell agonist (increases glucagon)
40
Canagliflozin (Invokana); Dapaglifloxin (Farxiga); Empaglifloxin (Jardiance) Uses
No hypoglycemia; weight loss possible
41
Canagliflozin (Invokana); Dapaglifloxin (Farxiga); Empaglifloxin (Jardiance) Side effects
UTIs; genital mycotic infections; volume depletion; hyperkalemia; hypersensitivity; reduced bone density; ketoacidosis Avoid in renal insufficiency Expensive
42
Colesevelam Drug class
Bile acid sequestrant
43
Colesevelam Mechanism
Binds bile acids/cholesterol
44
Colesevelam Uses
Modest reduction in A1c; no hypoglycemia; decreased LDL cholesterol
45
Colesevelam Side effects
Increase in triglycerides Constipation; may interfere with absorption of other medications Expensive
46
Bromocriptine Drug class
Dopamine-2 agonist
47
Bromocriptine Mechanism
Alters hypothalamic regulation of metabolism; increases insulin sensitivity
48
Bromocriptine Uses
Modest reduction in A1c; no hypoglycemia
49
Bromocriptine Side effects
Dizziness/syncope Rhinitis, nausea, fatigue Rarely used
50
Pramlintide Drug class
amylin analog
51
Pramlintide Mechanism
Mimics amylin: slows gastric emptying, suppresses postprandial glucagon secretion, may reduce appetite
52
Pramlintide Uses
SubQ injection only; used with short or rapidly acting insulin with meals; reduces post-prandial glucose levels; may promote weight loss
53
Pramlintide Side effects
Hypoglycemia (significant risk) GI side effects (especially nausea)
54
Lispro Drug class
Rapid-acting insulin
55
Lispro Mechanism
OoA: 5-30 min; PA: 0.5-3 hrs; DoA: 3-5 hrs
56
Lispro Uses
Bolus insulin; subQ injection
57
Lispro Side effects
Hypoglycemia, weight gain Lipohypertrophy, rare allergic reaction Expensive; U-200 available
58
Aspart Drug class
Rapid-acting insulin
59
Aspart Mechanism
OoA: 5-30 min; PA: 0.5-3 hrs; DoA: 3-5 hrs
60
Aspart Uses
Bolus insulin; subQ injection
61
Aspart Side effects
Hypoglycemia, weight gain Lipohypertrophy, rare allergic reaction Expensive
62
Glulisine Drug class
Rapid-acting insulin
63
Glulisine Mechanism
OoA: 5-30 min; PA: 0.5-3 hrs; DoA: 3-5 hrs
64
Glulisine Uses
Bolus insulin; subQ injection
65
Glulisine Side effects
Hypoglycemia, weight gain Lipohypertrophy, rare allergic reaction Expensive
66
Oral inhaled Afrezza Drug class
Rapid-acting insulin
67
Oral inhaled Afrezza Mechanism
OoA 15 minutes; PA 50-60 minutes; DoA 2-3 hours
68
Oral inhaled Afrezza Uses
Bolus insulin; oral/inhaled; requires periodic pulmonary function tests; doses 4-8 unit increments
69
ORal inhaled Afrezza Side effects
Decreases FEV; do not use with chronic lung disease.
70
Regular insulin Drug class
Short-acting insulin
71
Regular insulin Mechanism
OoA: 30-60 min; PA: 1-5 hrs; DoA: 6-8 hrs
72
Regular insulin Uses
Bolus insulin; subQ injection or iv
73
Regular insulin Side effects
Hypoglycemia, weight gain Lipohypertrophy; rare allergic reaction U-500 available; longer DoA
74
NPH Drug class
Intermediate insulin
75
NPH Mechanism
OoA: 1-4 hrs; PA: 4-10 hrs; DoA: 14-24 hrs
76
NPH Uses
SubQ injection; can mix with regular
77
NPH Side effects
Hypoglycemia, weight gain Lipohypertrophy; rare allergic reaction
78
NPL Drug class
Intermediate insulin
79
NPL Mechanism
OoA: 1-4 hrs; PA: 4-10 hrs; DoA: 14-24 hrs
80
NPL Uses
SubQ injection; available premixed with lispro
81
NPL Side effects
82
NPA Drug class
Intermediate insulin
83
NPA Mechanism
OoA: 1-4 hrs; PA: 4-10 hrs; DoA: 14-24 hrs
84
NPA Uses
SubQ injection; available premixed with aspart
85
NPA Side effects
Hypoglycemia, weight gain Lipohypertrophy; rare allergic reaction
86
Detemir Drug class
Intermediate insulin
87
Detemir Mechanism
OoA: 3-4 hrs; PA: 4-8 hrs; DoA: 6-24 hrs
88
Detemir Uses
Basal insulin; at higher doses, longer DoA
89
Detemir Side effects
Hypoglycemia, weight gain Lipohypertrophy; rare allergic reaction Expensive; should not be mixed
90
Glargine Drug class
Long-acting insulin
91
Glargine Mechanism
OoA: 2-3 hrs; PA: none; DoA: 24-30 hrs
92
Glargine Uses
Basal insulin
93
Glargine Side effects
Hypoglycemia, weight gain Lipohypertrophy; rare allergic reaction Expensive; should not be mixed; U-300 available (longer DoA)
94
Degludec Drug class
Ultra long-acting
95
Degludec Mechanism
DoA up to 42 hrs +; half life 25 hrs
96
Degludec Uses
Basal insulin
97
Degludec Side effects
Hypoglycemia, weight gain Rare lipohypertrophy; rare allergic reaction Expensive; U-200 available

Pharmacology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions