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Pharmacology > Unit 3-Ocular Pharmacology > Flashcards

Unit 3-Ocular Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pilocarpine

Drug class

A

Direct Muscarinic agonist

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2
Q

Pilocarpine

Mechanism

A

Pupillary constriction, increased aqueous outflow

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3
Q

Pilocarpine

Uses

A

Treatment of glaucoma (both open angle and acute closed angle); cataract surgery

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4
Q

Pilocarpine

Side effects

A
  • Decreased vision when patient has cataracts due to miosis and headache
  • Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting,
    diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating
  • Used less frequently today due to side effects
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5
Q

Echothiophate

Drug class

A

Indirect muscarinic agonist

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6
Q

Echothiophate

Mechanism

A

Irreversibly binds cholinesterase

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7
Q

Echothiophate

Uses

A

Treatment of glaucoma

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8
Q

Echothiophate

Side effects

A
  • Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting,
    diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating
  • Used less frequently today due to side effects
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9
Q

Atropine

Drug class

A

Antimuscarinic

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10
Q

Atropine

Mechanism

A

Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body

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11
Q

Atropine

Uses

A

Improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (uveitis)

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12
Q

Atropine

Side effects

A
  • Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention
  • Very long acting so not used unless severe inflammation
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13
Q

Scopalamine

Drug class

A

Antimuscarinic

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14
Q

Scopalamine

Mechanism

A

Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body

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15
Q

Tropicamide

Drug class

A

Antimuscarinic

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16
Q

Tropicamide

Mechanism

A

Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body

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17
Q

Tropicamide

Uses

A

Most commonly used cycloplegia for eye exams

(due to short half life)

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18
Q

Tropicamide

Side effects

A

Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary
retention

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19
Q

Edrophonium

Drug class

A

Nm agonist

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20
Q

Edrophonium

Mechanism

A

Destroys acetylcholinesterase

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21
Q

Edrophonium

Uses

A

Diagnoses Myasthenia Gravis

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22
Q

Epinephrine

Drug class

A

Direct adrenergic agonist

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23
Q

Epinephrine

Mechanism

A

Dilation of episcleral vessels –> increased aqueous outflow

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24
Q

Epinephrine

Side effects

A

Extrasystoles, palpitation, hypertension, myocardial infarction, trembling, paleness, sweating

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25
Q

Hydroxyamphetamine

Drug class

A

Indirect adrenergic agonist

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26
Q

Hydroxyamphetamine

Mechanism

A

Releases NE

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27
Q

Hydroxyamphetamine

Uses

A

Separates 1st and 2nd from 3rd order neuron dysfunction in Horner’s syndrome; positive dilation means 1st or 2nd order, an ominous sign

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28
Q

Cocaine

Drug class

A

Indirect adrenergic agonist

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29
Q

Cocaine

Mechanism

A

Prevent reuptake of NE

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30
Q

Cocaine

Uses

A

Use initially to confirm diagnosis of Horner’s Syndrome (pupil will not dilate)

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31
Q

Phenylephrine

Drug class

A

Direct α1-agonist

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32
Q

Phenylephrine

Uses

A

Dilate pupil for eye exam and cataract surgery

33
Q

Phenylephrine

Side effects

A
  • Extrasystoles, palpitation, hypertension, myocardial infarction, trembling, paleness, sweating
  • Caution in elderly patients: at 10% can cause cardiac side effects
34
Q

Brimondine tartrate

Drug class

A

Direct α2-agonist

35
Q

Brimondine tartrate

Mechanism

A

Suppresses aqueous humor production through action of cAMP in non-pigmented ciliary epithelium

36
Q

Brimondine tartrate

Uses

A

Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma

37
Q

Brimondine tartrate

Side effects

A

May cause follicular conjunctivitis; use with MAOi can cause fatigue/drowsiness

38
Q

Timolol

Drug class

A

β-blocker

39
Q

Timolol

Mechanism

A

Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process

40
Q

Timolol

Uses

A

Second line treatment of glaucoma

41
Q

Timolol

Side effects

A
  • Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression,
    fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia
  • Contraindicated in CHF, asthma;
  • bradycardia over time may produce tachyphylaxis
42
Q

Levobunolol

Drug class

A

β2-blocker

43
Q

Levobunolol

Mechanism

A

Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process

44
Q

Levobunolol

Uses

A

Second line treatment of glaucoma

45
Q

Levobunolol

Side effects

A

Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression,
fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia

46
Q

Betaxolol

Drug class

A

β1-blocker

47
Q

Betaxolol

Mechanism

A

Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process

48
Q

Betaxolol

Uses

A

Second line treatment of glaucoma

49
Q

Latanoprost

Drug class

A

Prostaglandin analog

50
Q

Latanoprost

Mechanism

A

Increase uveoscleral outflow

51
Q

Latanoprost

Uses

A

Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma

52
Q

Travoprost

Drug class

A

Prostaglandin analog

53
Q

Travoprost

Mechanism

A

Increase uveoscleral outflow

54
Q

Travoprost

Uses

A

Increase uveoscleral outflow

more effective in African Americans

55
Q

Travoprost

Side effects

A

Eyelash growth, change in iris color

May cause cystoid macular edema in cataract surgery;

56
Q

Bimatoprost

Drug class

A

Prostaglandin analog

57
Q

Bimatoprost

Mechanism

A

Increase uveoscleral outflow

58
Q

Bimatoprost

Uses

A

Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma

59
Q

Bimatoprost

Side effects

A

Eyelash growth, change in iris color

May cause cystoid macular edema in cataract surgery and activate herpes

60
Q

Unoprostone isopryl

Drug class

A

Prostaglandin analog

61
Q

Unoprostone isopryl

Mechanism

A

Increase uveoscleral outflow

62
Q

Unoprostone isopryl

Uses

A

Glaucoma

(Least effective)

63
Q

Unoprostone isopryl

Side effects

A

Eyelash growth, change in iris color

64
Q

Nifedipine

Drug class

A

Ca-channel blocker

65
Q

Nifedipine

Mechanism

A

Increases ocular perfusion at nervehead

66
Q

Nifedipine

Uses

A

Low-tension glaucoma

(not widely used)

67
Q

Dorzolamide

Drug class

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

68
Q

Dorzolamide

Mechanism

A

Reduce aqueous production via interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump

69
Q

Dorzolamide

Uses

A

Second line glaucoma therapy

70
Q

Dorzolamide

Side effects

A

Red eyes, lid allergies

Contraindicated in sulfonamide allergies

71
Q

Acetazolamide

Drug class

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

72
Q

Acetazolamide

Mechanism

A

Reduce aqueous production via interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump

73
Q

Acetazolamide

Uses

A

Oral agent used for advanced glaucoma and with cataract surgery

Used only if other topical therapy fails.

74
Q

Acetazolamide

Side effects

A

Paresthesia, fatigue, drowsiness, depression, diarrhea, metaboliv acidosis, electrolyte changes

Anaphylaxis, blood dyscrasias

75
Q

Brinzolamide

Drug class

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

76
Q

Brinzolamide

Mechanism

A

Reduce aqueous production via interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump

77
Q

Brinzolamide

Uses

A

Second line glaucoma therapy

78
Q

Brinzolamide

Side effects

A

Red eyes, lid allergies

Pharmacology (26 decks)

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