Unit 5 Cognition Flashcards
memory
any indication that learning has persisted over time
flashbulb
a big event in you life that creates a strong memory
stages of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
sensory memory
immediate recording of sense information
encoding
putting something into memory
automatic processing
no work
effortful processing
put work into making a memory
nodes
memory files
Ebbinghaus
studied memory
rehearsal
repeating
maintenance
repeating only to remember for a short time
elaborate
goes with procedural
making associations to covert those into LTM
procedural
goes with elaborate
learned over time, may not remember how they learned
spacing effect (distribute practice)
studying all of the material each time
serial position effect
more likely to remember beginning and end of list, but not the middle
primacy
remembering first thing on list or something said
receny
remembering last thing on list or something said
episodic
personal memory of your day
mnemonics
memory aids
Method of Loci
using location to help you remember
eidetic memory
photographic memory
✰ declarative memory
facts, stories, words, and conversations that can be resolved, aka explicit memory
semantic memory (deep processing)
attracting meaning to the memory to keep it in long-term memory
shallow processing
encoding in basic level based on structure or appearence
visual encoding
making a memory through sight
acoustic encoding
making a memory through sound
chunking
put information into manageable units
hierarchy
breaking information down into smaller categories
working memory
short term memory
Miller 7 +- 2
rule that we can hold 5-9 items in short term memory
LTP - Long Term Potential
the more we do an activity or study the information strengthens the memory more
stress
during a stressful event our memory is strong, but if stress persists, memory weakens
implicit and explicit
implicit memories are automatic, explicit memories take work
✰ Hippocampus
explicit memory, most important part of the brain for memory
Amygdala
emotional memories
Basal Ganglia
implicit memories
Cerebellum
balance and coordination, process implicit memories
anterograde
after a brain injury, you cannot make any new memories
retrograde
after a brain injury you can’t remember your past
recognition
multiple choice, choosing from a list
recall
must know the answer without help
relearning
studying again to learn the material
retrieval cues
anything that helps you remember an event, person, or thing
priming
activating retrieval cues
deja vu
the feeling that you’ve experienced this before
mood congruent memory
recalling experience that are consistent with your mood
state dependent memory
recall information easier when you are in the same emotional state as when the info was encoded
context dependent memory
improved recall of specific episodes of info when context or circumstances were the same as when info encoded
forgetting
inability to retrieve info due to poor encoding, storage, or removal
encoding failure
not putting info into memory correctly
forgetting curve
Ebbinghaus - you cram for a test, but after one hour most of the info is gone
✰ proactive interference
old info prevents the recall of newer info
retroactive interference
new info prevents the recall of old info
retrieval failure
inability to get memory out of storage
TOT
when you definitely know something but you can’t remember what it’s called
repression
Froid - when your brain blocks a memory because it causes harm
misinformation effect (Elizabeth Loftus)
incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event
source amnesia
attributing an event to the wrong source
Elizabeth Loftus
studies false or constructed memories
Algorithms
Techniques that are always correct, but may take a while
Heuristics
Quick thinking, but can be wrong
Representative hueristics
Judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a particular prototype
Availability heuristics
Make a decision based on the info you can access at the moment
Insight
“Aha!” moment
Confirmation bias
Tendency to search for info that confirms your belief
Fixation
Stuck on a problem
✰ Mental set
Tendency to approach a method in a certain way, especially if it has worked before
Functional fixedness
Tendency to think only of the familiar functions of objects, is a negative
definition theory
people form a concept of an object by making a mental list
divergent thinking
multiple ideas to solve a problem
convergent thinking
one main solution to a problem
inductive reasoning
moves from a specific instance to generalized conclusions
deductive reasoning
moves from generalized to specific
creativity
ability to create unique and valuable ideas
subgoals
creating separate parts to find a solution
overconfidence
tendency to overestimate accuracy of beliefs
exaggerated fear
overreaction after an event
framing
how an issue is presented to get the answer that you want
belief perseverance
tendency to cling to a belief in the face of evidence that proves otherwise
compensatory model
rational decision making with compromise
information retrieval
problem solving strategy that requires recovery from LTM and is not needed everyday
phonomes
spoken, writen, or gestured communication
morphemes
smallest unit of sound with meaning (“m” for meaning)
holophrase
one word sentence
grammar
system of rules for language
semantics
rules by which we derive meaning from language
overregulation
applying grammatical rules without making exceptions
syntax
rules for combining words in a grammatically correct way
language acculturation
the degree a person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture and how that impacts their understanding of the language
Skinner - Operant
children learn language through positive reinforcement
Chomsky - innate LAD
children are born with the ability to produce languages as long as they’ve been exposed to it
critical periods
0-7, when language and attachment begin
Whorf - Linguistic Determinism
language determines how we feel about society and ourselves
Images
women are better at imagining in pictures and colors
mirror neurons
imaging a physical activity activates the same brain regions as actually doing the activity
body language
gestures are a form of communication
sign language
an official language that children learn like any other language
