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AP Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

detect physical energy from environment and convert it into neural signals

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2
Q

perception

A

select, organize, interpret our sensations

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3
Q

bottom-up

A

no prior knowledge, just reaction

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4
Q

top-down

A

makes decision and judgment using prior knowedge

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5
Q

psychophysics

A

study of the relationship between psychological world and physical world.

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6
Q

Fechner

A

founder of psychophysics

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7
Q

Hubel and Wiesel

A

sewed kitten’s eye shut, that eye remained the weaker eye

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8
Q

✰Absolute Threshold

A

first moment you notice a stimulus

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9
Q

Difference threshold

A

moment you notice a change in stimulus you already recognized

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10
Q

Weber’s Law

A

when a change is noticed by a constant percentage or portion

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11
Q

Signal Detection theory

A

the ability to focus on one thing and ignore the background

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12
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity due to constant stimulation

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13
Q

Transduction

A

transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses

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14
Q

Phototransduction

A

conversion of light energy into neural impulses that the brain can understand

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15
Q

hue

A

color

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16
Q

wavelength

A

distance from peak of one wave to peak of another

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17
Q

intensity

A

brightness, taller the wave, the brighter the color

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18
Q

saturation

A

purity and clarity

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19
Q

accommodation

A

the lense will change shape to help focus objects onto the retina

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20
Q

nearsightedness

A

see close but not far

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21
Q

farsightedness

A

see far but not close

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22
Q

blind spot

A

point where optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptors there

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23
Q

fovea

A

central point of focus in the eye, in charge of color vision aka foveal vision

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24
Q

bipolar and ganglion cells

A

(order) photoreceptors, then bipolar cells then ganglion, then optic nerve

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25
Q

optic chiasm

A

connects optic nerve to the occipital love

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26
Q

feature detectors

A

ability to recognize things we are familiar with

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27
Q

parallel processing

A

processing of several aspects of a thing all at once

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28
Q

trichromatic theory aka young helmholtz theory

A

we have 3 main cones: Red, Green, and Blue

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29
Q

Color blindness

A

mostly in men, usually red and green color blindness

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30
Q

opponent process theory

A

after image: red-green, blue-yellow, black-white

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31
Q

color constancy

A

brain’s ability to know a color has not changed even if the background is different

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32
Q

gate control theory

A

spinal cord blocks pain from being recognized by the brain. Not permanent but will get a person through something

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33
Q

kinesthetic

A

movement of muscles, joints, tendons.

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34
Q

vestibular sense

A

balance

35
Q

sensory interaction

A

when one sense affects another sense

36
Q

olfactory bulb

A

(smell) signal does not go to thalamus, is only sense that goes straight to brain

37
Q

Smell and memories

A

The brain region for smell is closely connected to the brain region for memory

38
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Inability to see object or person that is right in front of you

39
Q

Change blindness

A

Failure to notice a change in your environment

40
Q

Perceptual illusion

A

Sometimes our mind is tricked by optical illusions

41
Q

Visual capture

A

When vision competes with other senses and vision wins

42
Q

Figure-ground

A

when we are looking at something, one thing will stand out, and the rest is background

43
Q

proximity

A

physical nearness

44
Q

similarity

A

when people or items look the same, we put them in one group

45
Q

continuity

A

appearance that something continues, even when it does not

46
Q

connectedness

A

when two people or things are often together, we seen them as one

47
Q

Gestalt closure

A

seeing something as complete, even if it is missing a piece

48
Q

depth perception

A

ability to see/recognize distance. babies get this before beginning to crawl

49
Q

Gibson and Walk - Visual Cliff

A

crawling baby stops at fiberglass clear part

50
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

when lights flash at a certain speed they present the illusions of motion

51
Q

perceptual/shape/size constancy

A

our brain has the ability to understand what we see, even if items appear differently

52
Q

sensory deprivation

A

often used in torture, deliberate elimnination of a sense

53
Q

perceptual set

A

mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

54
Q

✰Schema

A

concept - understanding of the world on a personal level

55
Q

context effects

A

how the environment impacts our understanding of things around us

56
Q

perception and human factors

A

IO psychologists help create user-friendly products

57
Q

retinal disparity

A

finger sausage - images from the two eyes differ

58
Q

convergence

A

touch neighbor’s nose - when two eves move inward to see near objects, and out to see far objects

59
Q

relative size

A

fingers apart - if two objects are similar in size, we see the smaller one as further

60
Q

interposition

A

tree in front of house - object that occludes other objects tend to be perceived as closer

61
Q

relative clarity

A

fog - hazy objects appear to be further away than clearer objects

62
Q

texture gradient

A

2 globes - indistinct (fine) texture signals and increasing distance

63
Q

relative height

A

we perceive objects that are higher in our FOV to be farther away than those that are lower

64
Q

relative motion

A

passenger in car - as you are moving, items close to you appear to go by fast, and objects further away come slowly

65
Q

linear perspective

A

railroad tracks - parallel lines appear to converge in the distance

66
Q

light & shadow

A

nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than distant objects

67
Q

anvil

A

tiny bone that passes vibrations from hammer to stirrup

68
Q

cochlea

A

spiral-shaped inner ear structure lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause nerve impulse to form

69
Q

eardrum

A

thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it

70
Q

Eustachian tube

A

tube that connects middle ear to back of the nose; equalizes pressure between middle ear and the air outside.

71
Q

hammer

A

tiny bone that passes vibrations from eardrum to anvil

72
Q

nerves

A

carry electro-chemical signals from inner ear (cochlea) to the brain

73
Q

outer ear canal

A

tube where sound travels to the eardrum

74
Q

pinna

A

visible part of the outer ear. collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal

75
Q

semicircular canals

A

three loops of fluid-filled tubes attached to cochlea in the inner ear. help with balance

76
Q

stirrup

A

tiny U shaped bone that passes vibrations from stirrup to cochlea. smallest bone in the human body

77
Q

cornea

A

clear dome-shaped tissue covering the front of the eye

78
Q

iris

A

colored part of the eye - controls amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil

79
Q

optic nerve

A

nerve that transmits electrical impulses from retina to brain

80
Q

pupil

A

opening in center of iris, changes size as amount of light changes. more light = smaller the hole

81
Q

retina

A

sensory tissue lining the back of the eye. contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) that convert light rays into electrical impulses relayed to brain by optic nerve

82
Q

vitreous

A

thick transparent liquids that fills the center of the eye and give it its form and shape

83
Q

photoreceptor

A

rods (black and white vision) and cons (color vision)

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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