Unit 4 Learning

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

learning through association

Question 2

Pavlov

Answer 2

founder of classical conditioning - learning through association

Question 3

Watson and Skinner

Answer 3

behaviorists that used Pavlov’s research to study people

Question 4

Neutral stimulus

Answer 4

a thing that does not cause a response

Question 5

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

natural thing / first thing; dog’s food in Pavlov’s experiment

Question 6

conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

former neutral stimulus when paired with unconditional stimulus causes a response; the bell in Pavlov’s experiment

Question 7

unconditioned response

Answer 7

natural or first response

Question 8

conditioned response

Answer 8

a response to the conditioned stimulus

Question 9

acquisition

Answer 9

to get a CR, the CS needs to come 0.5 sec before US

Question 10

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 10

neutral stimulus presented at same time as the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 11

backward conditioning

Answer 11

uncoditioned stimulus given first, and neutral stimulus given afterward; tends to result in weak learning

Question 12

trace conditioning

Answer 12

neutral stimulus presented briefly thenstopped, then the neutral stimulus is presented; weak learning

Question 13

delayed conditioning

Answer 13

neutral stimulus presented and continues while uncoditioned stimulus is offered; produces best results

Question 14

☆higher order conditioning

Answer 14

conditioned stimulus paired with another neutral stimulus that causes a conditioned response;

Question 15

extinction

Answer 15

elimination of a conditioned response

Question 16

spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

once a response is extinct, and you think you’re over it, it comes back

Question 17

generalization

Answer 17

tendency to respond to stimulus similar to CS; after being bit by German Shepard, Bob is afraid of all dogs

Question 18

discrimination (in learning)

Answer 18

ability to distinguish between CS and another stimulus

Question 19

cognitive processes

Answer 19

Pavlov underestimated animal’s thinking ability

Question 20

rescorla

by Garcia

Answer 20

animals learn expectancy or awareness of a stimulus

Question 21

Garcia

Answer 21

radiated rats after drinking sugar water

Question 22

aversive conditioning

Answer 22

use of something unpleasant to stop unwanted behavior

Question 23

law of effect - Thorndike

Answer 23

said that rewarded behavior is likely to occur again

Question 24

shaping

Answer 24

changing behavior over time; green lantern sticker from therapist

Question 25

positive reinforcement

Answer 25

adding something to continue a behavior; paycheck

Question 26

negative reinforcement

Answer 26

removing something to continue behavior

Question 27

reinforcement

Answer 27

we want the behavior to continue

Question 28

primary reinforcement

Answer 28

food, water, survival

Question 29

secondary/conditioned reinforcement

Answer 29

anything to help us get primary reinforcement; money, job, etc.

Question 30

immediate reinforcement

Answer 30

reinforcer occurs instantly after behavior; the rat gets a treat as soon as it hits the button

Question 31

delayed reinforcement

Answer 31

reinforcement that happens after a period of time

Question 32

positive punishment

Answer 32

adding something they don’t want in order to stop a behavior

Question 33

negative punishment

Answer 33

removing something they want to stop a behavior