UNIT 5 CHAP 16 Flashcards
types of therapists
clinical psychologists
-serious cases
counseling psychologists
school psychologists
-psychological testing
psychiatrist
- presribe meds
recipients of treatment
Most people who meet criteria for DSM diagnoses do not seek treatment
- variability due to sex, education, and income level
- women seek more treatment than men
- college educated seek more treatment than high School educated
- higher income seek more treatment than lower income
- less than 25% of college-aged adults seek treatment
classes of therapies
insight therapies: remove distressing symptoms by leading people to understand their causes through deeply felt personal insights
behavioral therapies: based on principles of learning that focuses on observable measurable behavior
cognitive therapies: focuses on clients thoughts rather than his or her own feelings or behaviors
biomedical therapies: treatments that focus on biological basis of a disorder
types of insight therapies
psychoanalytic
person centered
group
psychoanalytic therapy
based on Freud’s contention that psychological problems result from conflicts from unconscious
- must make these conflicts conscious in order to resolve
- analyst’s job is to make inferences about patients unconscious conflicts
-once patient experiences them consciously, can modify or express them
- patients must accept insights of therapists
psychoanalytic therapy pt 2.
resistance: patients resist attempts to bring unconscious into conscious
-material causes anxiety
-“forgetting”
refusing to discuss topics
transference: patients unconscious feelings about someone experienced as feelings towards therapist
-countertransference: tendency of therapist to displace onto client feelings caused by people in the therapists life
can be very expensive
person centered therapy
focus on thoughts, abilities, cleverness of client
-not focused on insights of therapist
-therapist is a sounding board for clients thoughts
-unconditional positive regard: client is worthy and capable no matter what client does or says
-creates safe, nonjudgemental atmosphere
-genuineness: therapist is truly empathetic and warm
group therapies
normally 6-9 people
- 90 min sessions
-clients benefit from knowing others have similar problems
-types of group therapies: psychotherapy, support, self-help
psychotherapy groups
focus on personality reconstruction or remediation of deep-seated psychological problems
support groups
deal with special populations and deal with specific issues and offer support, comfort, and connectedness to others
self help groups
have no formal or trained group leader
types of cognitive therapy
rational emotive
cognitive behavioral
cognitive therapies
-people disturb themselves with their own thoughts like “I must be perfect or the past determines the future”
-goals of therapy: identity maladaptive ways of thinking, replace these with adaptive ways
rational-emotive therapy
negative emotions arise from people’s irrational interpretations of experiences
-musterbations: irrational belief that you must do or have something
-awfulizing: mental exaggeration of setbacks
cognitive behavioral therapy
incorporates techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy
- used to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors
behavioral therapies
based on classical conditioning
- aversion therapy
-flooding
-systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
painful or unpleasant stimulus follows the unwanted behavior
-used for bad habits (drinking, smoking, gambling)
flooding (implosion therapy)
immerse consenting person in the fear stimulus
- after fear subsides calm sets in, associated with feared object
systematic desensitization
create hierarchy ranging from least to most feared stimulus
work through hierarchy while maintaining calm
time outs (based on operant conditioning)
removing individual from reinforcing situation
token economies (based on operant conditioning)
using tokens that can be exchanged for other items or privileges as a reinforcer
stimulus satiation (based on operant conditioning)
giving person too much of desired thing so as to reduce its attraction
general conclusions about therapy effectiveness
people in treatment do better than those not
-some therapists are better than others
-warm, understanding, and motivated
biomedical therapies
attempts to solve disorder by altering bodily processes
-blood letting, trephining (drilling holes in head) historically
-pharmacotherapy
-ETC
-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
-psychosurgery
pharmacotherapy (drug therapy)
use of psychoactive drugs to treat mental illness
-psychoactive drugs been highly successful in reducing in-patient population
goals of pharmacotherapy
-acute treatment: used to alleviate the symptoms of an actively occurring disorder
- continuation treatment: used to prevent a relapse into same episode for which treatment began
-maintenance treatment: used to prevent recurrences by ongoing maintenance use of medication
antipsychotics
used for schizophrenia and other disorders
-block receptor sites for serotonin and dopamine
-schizophrenia can be viewed as composed of: positive symptoms (presence of hallucinations)
negative symptoms (absence of affect)
-more effective for positive symptoms than for negative ones
-problems: make person seem more normal but doesn’t inc life satisfaction, unpleasant side effects
-tardive dyskinesia: person involuntarily smacks lips and displays facial grimaces
antidepressants
typically require 3-4 weeks to take effect
-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
mushrooms (psilocybin)
selected effects:
-relaxation, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations
-for some patients, lifts depression
anti anxiety
depress CNS
elevate levels of neurotransmitter GABA
common pharmacotherapy problems
general side effects: weight gain, irritability
-taking too high dose too soon inc chance of uncomfortable side effects that make people stop taking meds
-stopping drug too quickly can lead to discontinuation syndrome (cluster of negative symptoms)
ECT
used primarily in cases of severe, unrelenting depression
- modern ECT is very different from early ECT (safer, patient given drug to sedate beforehand, painless)
-70% people who don’t respond to other treatments get relief with ECT
are concerns for ECT valid?
no evidence of brain damage, do find temporary disruptions in cognition
-can result in loss of memory for events a day previous to treatment
-usually returns in a month
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
pulsating magnetic coil is placed over prefrontal regions of brain
-used to treat depression
-not as consistently effective as ECT
psychosurgery
-prefrontal lobotomy: connections btw the prefrontal lobes and the rest of the brain are severed
-severe side effects
incapacitation
Impulsivity
not utilized anymore
- cingulotomy: partial destruction of structures in limbic system, focus on areas responsible for integration of emotion and feelings, results show some success with fewer side effects
