UNIT 5 CHAP 16

Question 1

types of therapists

Answer 1

clinical psychologists
-serious cases
counseling psychologists
school psychologists
-psychological testing
psychiatrist
- presribe meds

Question 2

recipients of treatment

Answer 2

Most people who meet criteria for DSM diagnoses do not seek treatment
- variability due to sex, education, and income level
- women seek more treatment than men
- college educated seek more treatment than high School educated
- higher income seek more treatment than lower income
- less than 25% of college-aged adults seek treatment

Question 3

classes of therapies

Answer 3

insight therapies: remove distressing symptoms by leading people to understand their causes through deeply felt personal insights

behavioral therapies: based on principles of learning that focuses on observable measurable behavior

cognitive therapies: focuses on clients thoughts rather than his or her own feelings or behaviors

biomedical therapies: treatments that focus on biological basis of a disorder

Question 4

types of insight therapies

Answer 4

psychoanalytic
person centered
group

Question 5

psychoanalytic therapy

Answer 5

based on Freud’s contention that psychological problems result from conflicts from unconscious
- must make these conflicts conscious in order to resolve
- analyst’s job is to make inferences about patients unconscious conflicts
-once patient experiences them consciously, can modify or express them
- patients must accept insights of therapists

Question 6

psychoanalytic therapy pt 2.

Answer 6

resistance: patients resist attempts to bring unconscious into conscious
-material causes anxiety
-“forgetting”
refusing to discuss topics

transference: patients unconscious feelings about someone experienced as feelings towards therapist

-countertransference: tendency of therapist to displace onto client feelings caused by people in the therapists life
can be very expensive

Question 7

person centered therapy

Answer 7

focus on thoughts, abilities, cleverness of client
-not focused on insights of therapist
-therapist is a sounding board for clients thoughts
-unconditional positive regard: client is worthy and capable no matter what client does or says
-creates safe, nonjudgemental atmosphere
-genuineness: therapist is truly empathetic and warm

Question 8

group therapies

Answer 8

normally 6-9 people
- 90 min sessions
-clients benefit from knowing others have similar problems
-types of group therapies: psychotherapy, support, self-help

Question 9

psychotherapy groups

Answer 9

focus on personality reconstruction or remediation of deep-seated psychological problems

Question 10

support groups

Answer 10

deal with special populations and deal with specific issues and offer support, comfort, and connectedness to others

Question 11

self help groups

Answer 11

have no formal or trained group leader

Question 12

types of cognitive therapy

Answer 12

rational emotive
cognitive behavioral

Question 13

cognitive therapies

Answer 13

-people disturb themselves with their own thoughts like “I must be perfect or the past determines the future”
-goals of therapy: identity maladaptive ways of thinking, replace these with adaptive ways

Question 14

rational-emotive therapy

Answer 14

negative emotions arise from people’s irrational interpretations of experiences
-musterbations: irrational belief that you must do or have something
-awfulizing: mental exaggeration of setbacks

Question 15

cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 15

incorporates techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy
- used to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors

Question 16

behavioral therapies

Answer 16

based on classical conditioning
- aversion therapy
-flooding
-systematic desensitization

Question 17

aversion therapy

Answer 17

painful or unpleasant stimulus follows the unwanted behavior
-used for bad habits (drinking, smoking, gambling)

Question 18

flooding (implosion therapy)

Answer 18

immerse consenting person in the fear stimulus
- after fear subsides calm sets in, associated with feared object

Question 19

systematic desensitization

Answer 19

create hierarchy ranging from least to most feared stimulus
work through hierarchy while maintaining calm

Question 20

time outs (based on operant conditioning)

Answer 20

removing individual from reinforcing situation

Question 21

token economies (based on operant conditioning)

Answer 21

using tokens that can be exchanged for other items or privileges as a reinforcer

Question 22

stimulus satiation (based on operant conditioning)

Answer 22

giving person too much of desired thing so as to reduce its attraction

Question 23

general conclusions about therapy effectiveness

Answer 23

people in treatment do better than those not
-some therapists are better than others
-warm, understanding, and motivated

Question 24

biomedical therapies

Answer 24

attempts to solve disorder by altering bodily processes
-blood letting, trephining (drilling holes in head) historically
-pharmacotherapy
-ETC
-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
-psychosurgery

Question 25

pharmacotherapy (drug therapy)

Answer 25

use of psychoactive drugs to treat mental illness
-psychoactive drugs been highly successful in reducing in-patient population

Question 26

goals of pharmacotherapy

Answer 26

-acute treatment: used to alleviate the symptoms of an actively occurring disorder

• continuation treatment: used to prevent a relapse into same episode for which treatment began

-maintenance treatment: used to prevent recurrences by ongoing maintenance use of medication

Question 27

antipsychotics

Answer 27

used for schizophrenia and other disorders
-block receptor sites for serotonin and dopamine
-schizophrenia can be viewed as composed of: positive symptoms (presence of hallucinations)
negative symptoms (absence of affect)
-more effective for positive symptoms than for negative ones
-problems: make person seem more normal but doesn’t inc life satisfaction, unpleasant side effects
-tardive dyskinesia: person involuntarily smacks lips and displays facial grimaces

Question 28

antidepressants

Answer 28

typically require 3-4 weeks to take effect
-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Question 29

mushrooms (psilocybin)

Answer 29

selected effects:
-relaxation, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations
-for some patients, lifts depression

Question 30

anti anxiety

Answer 30

depress CNS
elevate levels of neurotransmitter GABA

Question 31

common pharmacotherapy problems

Answer 31

general side effects: weight gain, irritability
-taking too high dose too soon inc chance of uncomfortable side effects that make people stop taking meds
-stopping drug too quickly can lead to discontinuation syndrome (cluster of negative symptoms)

Question 32

ECT

Answer 32

used primarily in cases of severe, unrelenting depression
- modern ECT is very different from early ECT (safer, patient given drug to sedate beforehand, painless)
-70% people who don’t respond to other treatments get relief with ECT

Question 33

are concerns for ECT valid?

Answer 33

no evidence of brain damage, do find temporary disruptions in cognition
-can result in loss of memory for events a day previous to treatment
-usually returns in a month

Question 34

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Answer 34

pulsating magnetic coil is placed over prefrontal regions of brain
-used to treat depression
-not as consistently effective as ECT

Question 35

psychosurgery

Answer 35

-prefrontal lobotomy: connections btw the prefrontal lobes and the rest of the brain are severed
-severe side effects
incapacitation
Impulsivity
not utilized anymore
- cingulotomy: partial destruction of structures in limbic system, focus on areas responsible for integration of emotion and feelings, results show some success with fewer side effects