UNIT 3 CHAP 7

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

mental activity associated with
processing, understanding
-problem solving, decision making

Question 2

concept

Answer 2

mental grouping of similar objects events or people

Question 3

prototype

Answer 3

best example of a category
-matching new item to prototype provides quick and easy method for including items in a category

Question 4

schema

Answer 4

knowledge structure that organizes and represents information
-includes relations among objects, relevant events, and sequence of actions
-influence attention, memory, and interpretation
-ex: egg–> white, brown, duck, chicken

Question 5

incubation (approach to problem solving)

Answer 5

rest period during problem solving in which one hopes the solution is forming in head

Question 6

algorithm (approach to problem solving)

Answer 6

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem

Question 7

Heuristic (approach to problem solving)

Answer 7

short cut thinking strategy which generates a solution quickly (possibly in error)
-usually speedier than algorithm,
-more error prone than algorithm
-CLOOYSPHYG

Question 8

representativeness heuristic

Answer 8

judge likelihood of things in terms of how well match prototypes
-may lead one to ignore other relevant info
-overused
-underuse base rates: probability event will occur into certain category

Question 9

Gambler fallacy

Answer 9

belief that if a particular outcome has not occurred for a while its turn has come
-truly, random events don’t take turns

Question 10

overconfidence phenomenon

Answer 10

tendency to be more confident than correct
-tendency to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgments

Question 11

availability heuristic

Answer 11

estimating the likelihood based on availability in memory
-vivid memories assumed to be more common

Question 12

insight (approach to problem solving)

Answer 12

sudden and often realization of the solution to a problem
-contrasts with strategy based solutions
-ex: Pine_
crab_
_sauce

Question 13

just sleep on it?

Answer 13

insight occurs more often when people sleep on it
- aha experience

Question 14

fixation (obstacle to problem solving)

Answer 14

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way
- can’t take new perspective (ex: match, candle, bulletin board)

Question 15

confirmation bias (obstacle to problem solving)

Answer 15

tendency to search for info that confirms ones preconceptions (full moon and inc accidents? only focus on accidents during full moon)

Question 16

framing (obstacle to problem solving)

Answer 16

way an issue is posed
-can affect decisions and judgement
-ex: 25% fat or 75% lean meat sound better?

Question 17

belief perseverance (obstacle to problem solving)

Answer 17

clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
-red #2 dye scare in m and ms

Question 18

language

Answer 18

our spoken or written words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
-interpersonal
-pragmatics: principles of conversation
-meaningful and referential

Question 19

language universals

Answer 19

fundamental properties of all languages
-structured for creative usage
-grammar guides sentences

Question 20

linguistic relativity

Answer 20

whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think
-more like influences

Question 21

imaginal thought

Answer 21

conscious or unconscious manipulation of mental images
-previous experience influence
-motivation influence
-timing and practice influence