UNIT 4 CHAP 12 Flashcards
social psychology
scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
attribution
explanation for cause of behaviors or events
- to determine the cause we decide whether the behavior comes from internal or external cause
internal cause
dispositional
- personal characteristics
external
situational
situational demands
fundamental attribution error
tendency when analyzing another’s behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
just-world hypothesis
assumption that world is just and people get what they deserve
helps justify cruelty of others
self-fulfilling prophecy
expectations of a person elicit behavior from person that confirms our expectations
self-serving bias
tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favorably
-take credit fir positive events
-blame external factors for negative events
false consensus effect
bias where we assume everyone experiences the world like we do (beliefs, attitudes, behaviors)
-why men underestimate sexism
false uniqueness effect
tendency to underestimate the commonality of ones abilities and successful behaviors
attitudes
evaluative reactions towards things, events, and other people
-attitudes guide our behavior when…
we feel strongly about them
we are consciously aware of them
outside influences on behavior are weak
cognitive dissonance
feeling of discomfort created from a discrepancy between an attitude and behavior or between two competing attitudes or beliefs
when behaviors contradict attitudes
social influence
examines how other people and social forces they create influence an individuals behavior
explain why we conform, comply, obey, and how group influence us
conformity
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with group standard
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others opinions about reality
- people are unsure of situation
- people are unsure of a situation
- people lack information
-behavior is public
compliance
acting in accordance to a direct request from another person or group
- use logic and persuasion to get desired response
-compliance techniques
foot in the door
door in the face
low ball
that’s not all
foot in the door
start with small request
follow up with large one
door in the face
start with a large request
follow up with small one
low ball
make an attractive initial offer
after getting a commitment make the terms less good
that’s not all
people are more likely to comply to a request after a build up to make the request sound better
obedience
following the commands of a person in authority
stanley milgrams (in)famous studies
social facilitation
improved performance of tasks in the presence of others
-occurs with simple or well learned tasks
- not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
social loafing
tendency for people In a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common goal than when individually ac countable
group polarization
if a group is like-minded discussion strengthens is prevailing opinions
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity
- deindividuated people feel less restrained
- may forget their moral values and act spontaneously without thinking
altruism
actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper
- why do we help?
-egoistic model: helping motivated by anticipated gain
- empathy-altruism model: helping motivated by empathy, share emotions experienced by others
diffusion of responsibility (why we don’t help)
dilution or diffusion of personal responsibility
- ambiguous situation: unclear what help is needed
bystander effect
tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
agression
behavior with intent to harm another person
causes are complex: biological factors, frustration effects, social factors
biological factors
testosterone levels weakly correlated with aggression
- low levels of cortisol are associated higher levels of aggressive behavior
- alcohol usage increases aggression
-genetic factors
causes of aggression
frustration: occurs when achievement of a goal is blocked
- being uncomfortable
- personality
-parenting
-peers
-violent media
risk factor model of aggression and violence
aggression/violence is a result of the accumulation of risk factors
-peers, personality, parents, biology, neighborhood
- the more risk factors you have, the more likely you are to act aggressive/violent in any given situation
- some people have more risk factors than others
interpersonal attraction
liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person
- factors that influence interpersonal attraction
-similarity: friends share common attitudes, beliefs, interests
-matching hypothesis: choose mate similar to self
factors that influence interpersonal attraction
physical attractiveness: choose mate similar to self in attraction
-if different, mate tends to have a compensating asset
ex: money power talent
proximity
familiarity
mere exposure effect
- repeated exposure to novel stimuli inc liking of them
male vs female facial attractiveness
feminized characteristics
- eyebrow arch
-bigger eyes
-narrow jaw and nose
-fuller lips
masculinized features:
-pronounced eye-brow ridge
-big jaw, square face
men and women prefer feminine features in men
eyes and attractiveness
limbal ring: line that separates colored part of eye from white
people with distinct ring are perceived to be more attractive
triangle theory of love
-intimacy: closeness, sharing, communication, and support
-passion: physiological arousal and intense desire to be with loved one
-commitment: affirmation of your love and long term commitment to maintain that love
combine to form different types of love
triangle theory of love pt 2
romantic love: intimacy and passion
companionate love: intimacy and commitment
- release of oxytocin
-shift 3-4 years into relationship from romantic
ideal relationship: consummate love: intimacy and commitment and passion
