UNIT 4 CHAP 14

Question 1

Type A personality

Answer 1

motivated, competitive, impatient, prone to anger and hostility
-heightened response to and risk from stress
- associated with heart disease in early research however now shows high levels of anger and hostility inc heart disease and stroke

Question 2

Type B personality

Answer 2

easygoing, non-aggressive, patient
- lower response to and risk from stress

Question 3

Type D personality

Answer 3

worried, inhibited, prone to anxiety, more isolated
- heightened response to stress

Question 4

relationships and stress

Answer 4

• relationships with friends and family can be source of stress
• exchanges and conflicts
• lack of emotional support
• lack of reciprocity (carries relationship)
• parenting

Question 5

optimists

Answer 5

expecting the best outcome from any given situation
- better health outcomes

Question 6

Pessimists

Answer 6

expecting worst outcome
-predicts worse health outcomes

Question 7

defensive pessimism

Answer 7

preparing for failure ahead of time
- set low expectations
-allows planning and strategizing
- helps anxious people get through stressful situations
- no long-term health benefits though

Question 8

psychosomatic disease

Answer 8

genuine physical ailments thought to be caused in part by stress and other psychological
- diseases include high blood pressure, asthma, hives, migraine
- stress promotes jeopardizing behaviors (drinking and drugs), unhealthy food choices

Question 9

social support (social factor promoting health)
3 types

Answer 9

resources provided by others in times of need
-emotional: expressions of concern, empathy
- tangible: direct assistance, money and food help
- informational: suggestions, advice, careful on internet

Question 10

benefits of social support

Answer 10

improves ability to cope with stress and benefits health
-stress feels less threatening
-decrease intensity of physical reactions to stress
- reduces feelings of negative emotions

Question 11

coping (dealing with stress)

Answer 11

behavioral and cognitive responses used to deal with stressors
- problem focused: try to change circumstances, use if problem seems alterable (figuring out how to study more effectively)
- ex: ask for support, manage time, to-do list
- emotion focused coping: reducing or regulating emotional impact of stressor, use if problem is uncontrollable, try to feel better about situation, problems occur when drugs and alcohol are used
- ex: exercise, meditate

Question 12

stress

Answer 12

process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges
- appraisal of situation greatly influences the amount of stress perceived

Question 13

burnout

Answer 13

physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion that is attributable to long term involvement in stressful situations

Question 14

benefit of exercise

Answer 14

noncompetitive, aerobic exercise can reduce stress, depression, and anxiety

Question 15

eustress

Answer 15

stress provides motivation to conquer problems

Question 16

positive psychology

Answer 16

focuses on strengths and qualities that enable individuals to thrive
-stress can promote personal growth and force people to develop new skills, inc self-esteem

Question 17

biological response to stress

Answer 17

-General adaption syndrome (GAS): brief period of high arousal which readies the body for vigorous activity
- resistance: after a few mins, body enters a phase of prolonged but moderate arousal
- exhaustion: intense and long-lasting stress depletes immune system, more illness

Question 18

acute stressors

Answer 18

threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint

Question 19

chronic stressors

Answer 19

threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit
-serious health problems

Question 20

catastrophes

Answer 20

stressful life event
- unpredictable large scale events (war, earthquake)
-health consequences

Question 21

life changes

Answer 21

stressful life events
- death, marriage, divorce
-more vulnerable to disease

Question 22

daily hassles

Answer 22

stressful life events
- annoying events in everyday life
- rush hour traffic, messy roommate
-cumulative effect on health
- amount of daily hassles predicts illness better than major life changes
-offset by uplifts

Question 23

top 5 hassles

Answer 23

-concern about weight/ physical appearance
-health
-costs of goods
-thoughts about future
-wasting time
-too many things to do

Question 24

top 5 uplifts

Answer 24

• relating well with others
  -completing task
  -healthy
  -sleep
  -having fun

Question 25

approach-approach conflict

Answer 25

2 positive choices
least stressful

Question 26

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 26

2 negative choices
most stressful

Question 27

approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 27

single choice has both positive and negative qualities
-vacillation between choices

Question 28

perceived control

Answer 28

lack of control increases stress (rats with shock and switch)
-ex: someone else driving