UNIT 3 CHAP 6 Flashcards
learning
enduring change in the way an organism responds based on experience
Maturation
change resulting from biological development
classic conditioning
neutral stimulus is associated with a natural response
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that automatically
and naturally triggers a
response (dog biscuit)
unconditioned response (UCR)
unlearned, naturally
occurring automatic
response to the
unconditioned stimulus (drool after biscuit is placed in mouth)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
previously neutral stimulus
that, after association with an
unconditioned stimulus, comes
to trigger a conditioned
response (a bell)
conditioned response (CR)
learned response to a
previously neutral conditioned
stimulus (drools before biscuit is inside mouth)
Garcia effect
If a flavor is followed by an illness
experience, animals will not
consume the flavor in the future
(CS+UCS–>UCR) then (CS–>CR)
stimulus generalization
If a response is
conditioned to one
stimulus, the organism
may also respond to a
similar stimulus
Stimulus discrimination
Occurs when original CS
predicts CR, but similar
stimuli don’t
extinction
CS no longer triggers CR bc CS ceases to predict UCS
Spontaneous recovery
reappearance, after a
rest period, of an
extinguished CR
- temporary small return of CR
-extinction NOT forgetting
classical conditioning (best vs worst)
Best: CS precedes UCS
worst: UCS precedes CS
factors that impact speed of acquisition
- number of pairings
- strength of CS
-timing of UCS and CS
Operant conditioning
type of learning in which behavior (Bx) is strengthened if
followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by
punishment
Bx–>consequence–>Bx inc or dec
positive reinforcement
process by which
presentation of a stimulus
after a response makes
the response more likely
to occur in the future
negative reinforcement
termination of an aversive
event makes a behavior more
likely to occur in the future
escape learning
learn to escape an ongoing aversive situation
avoidance learning
response prevents a potentially aversive event from occurring
types of punishment
Punishment decreases the likelihood
that a response will occur
-not forgotten but supressed
positive punishment
presentation of aversive stimulus (parent spanks child for taking candy)
negative punishment
removal something positive (time out)
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response
each time it occurs
-learning occurs rapidly
-extinction occurs rapidly
partial reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part
of the time
-slower acquisition
-greater resistance to extinction
fixed ratio (schedules of partial reinforcement)
reinforces response only after a specified
number of responses
-faster you respond the
more rewards you get
-high rate of responding
variable ratio
reinforces a response
after an unpredictable
number of responses
-very hard to
extinguish because of
unpredictability
fixed interval
reinforces a response
only after a specified
time has elapsed
-response occurs more
frequently as the
anticipated time for
reward draws near
variable interval
reinforces a response
at unpredictable
time intervals
- produces slow steady responding
-like a pop quiz
Shaping
reinforcers
guide behavior
toward closer
approximations
of a desired
goal
Instinctual drift
tendency of an animal perform
an instinctual response instead
of the learned response
-Pigs trained to pick up large
wooden nickels and deposit
them into piggy banks revert
back to “rooting” behaviors
with the coins
-hove their snouts under
the coins and tossing them
into the air
superstitious behavior (real world operant conditioning)
Incorrect association
between a behavior and a
consequence
parenting (real world operant conditioning)
-supermarket tantrums or swearing young
token economy
small rewards can be exchanged for larger ones
-use fading: gradually decrease
the frequency of
reinforcements
-ex) sticker every-night for 4 nights, then toy for sleeping alone
- then every 2 nights–> 3 nights etc.
observational learning
learning by observing and
imitating others
-people imitate people they admire or people rewarded
-can learn both helpful and hurtful behaviors
