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Biology > Unit 5: Cell Division And Signaling > Flashcards

Unit 5: Cell Division And Signaling Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 stages of cell signaling

A
  • Signal(ligand attaches to receptor to deliver the signal)
  • transduction(signal is translated)
  • Response(cellular response occurs)
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2
Q

Kinetichore

A

Proteins within the centromere that the spindle fibers attach to

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

Creates 4 genetically different sex cells

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4
Q

Transduction

A

Converting signals to a form that can bring cellular action

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5
Q

Interphase

A
  • G1, S, G2

- 90% of a cells life

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6
Q

Prophase

A

DNA becomes visible

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7
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope disappears and chromosomes start to line up in the middle

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8
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers pull the chromosomes to the center of the cell

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9
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell

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10
Q

Telophase/cytokinesis

A

The cytosol splits in two and the membrane is pinched

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11
Q

End product of mitosis

A

Two identical daughter cells

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12
Q

How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity

A

It creates genetically different cells

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13
Q

What happens during phosphorylation cascade

A

You are adding a phosphate to activate an enzyme

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14
Q

What happens in G1

A

Normal cell things

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15
Q

What happens in S phase

A

DNA replicates

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16
Q

What happens in G2

A

Cell grows and prepares to divide

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17
Q

What does 2^n mean

A

How to determine the number of possibilities for genetic variation
Ex humans. 2^23

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18
Q

What is crossing over

A
  • Occurs in meiosis
  • helps create genetic diversity
  • where two chromosomes touch and swap DNA
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19
Q

What is a protein kinase

A

A protein that adds a phosphate

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20
Q

What is cancer

A

Cells that grow uncontrollably and take resources from surrounding cells

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21
Q

Diploid cells

A
  • 2n

- have two versions of each chromosome(pair from both parents)

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22
Q

Mitosis checkpoints

A
  • G1, G2, M

- make sure the cell does not divide unnecessarily or incorrectly

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23
Q

G protein coupled receptor

A

A signal protein(ligand) bonds with the receptor causing a GDP to come to the receptor. When this happens the GDP is activated. The GDP then travels to activate and enzyme which will then allow cellular response to occur.

24
Q

Product of meiosis

A

4 genetically different haploid cells

25
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Chromosomes can line up in different order to produce genetic diversity(chromosomes from mom and dad can line up on either the left or right side of the cell during metaphase 1)

26
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Chromosome pairs(one from mom one from dad) line up in the middle of the cell)

27
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Chromosome pairs are pulled apart

28
Q

Telophase 1/Cytokinesis 1

A

Cell is split into 2

29
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

30
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart

31
Q

Telophase 2/Cytokinesis 2

A

Cell is split to create gametes

32
Q

What type of cell is produce after meiosis 1

A

Duplicated haploid cells

33
Q

Haploid cells

A
  • n
  • you havE one version of each chromosome
  • half the amount of the diploid number of cells
34
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Two versions of the same duplicated chromosome

35
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosome pairs (chromosomes from mom and dad that are alike)

36
Q

Steps of Tyrosine kinase

A

Two receptors that when the ligand attaches come together(dimer). The tyrosines on the bottom of the receptor are activated through gaining a phosphate. This process can activate more than one enzyme

37
Q

What must the signaling molecule fit into to deliver the message

A

The receptor

38
Q

What is a ligand

A

A signaling molecule

39
Q

What are the second messengers for cell signaling

A

Non protein molecules/ions

40
Q

What is the benefit of the phosphorylation cascade

A

Enhance or amplify the reaction

41
Q

Ion gated ligand channel

A

Ligand bond to the receptor causing it to open or close allowing ions to move

42
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

Ligands

43
Q

What causes a cell signal to stop

A

The ligand detaches

44
Q

Centrisome

A

Where spindle fibers come from

45
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Should the cell divide and does it have the resources to

46
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Did the DNA replicate properly

47
Q

What regulates the G2 checkpoint

A

Cyclin and CDK

48
Q

M checkpoint

A
  • During metaphase

- makes sure all the spindle fibers are attached

49
Q

Crossing over

A
  • Happens in prophase 1

- chromosomes swap DNA

50
Q

How many chromosomes are in somatic cells

A

46

51
Q

Examples of asexual reproduction

A

Binary fission

52
Q

How many chromosomes in sex cells

A

23

53
Q

What are spindle fibers made of

A

Microtubules

54
Q

What do spindle fibers do

A

They maneuver chromosomes and pull them apart

55
Q

What makes tyrosine kinase unique

A

It has 2 receptors and can activated to 6 enzymes

56
Q

What do g protein receptors and tyrosine kinase have in common

A

They both use phosphates

Biology (12 decks)

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