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Biology > Unit 3-organelles > Flashcards

Unit 3-organelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleus

A
  • holds DNA
  • control center of the cell
  • has small pores to allow RNA out
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2
Q

Cell membrane parts

A
  • Phospholipids
  • integral proteins
  • cholesterol
  • glycoproteins/glycolipids
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3
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Small not polar molecules are able to go through the cell membrane without help

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4
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • Inside the nucleus

- produces ribosomes

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5
Q

Rough ER

A
  • System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm.
  • Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes.
  • transportsproteins within the cytoplasm
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6
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • produces lipids to repair the cell membrane
  • detoxes
  • regulates calcium
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7
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • packages protein in vacuoles for transport out of the cell

- like UPS

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8
Q

Ribosome

A
  • produced in the nucleolus

- produces protein

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9
Q

Lysosome

A

Organelle filled with enzymes to help break down waste products

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • highly folded double membrane
  • makes ATP
  • matrix is the center fluid
  • takes in glucose and oxygen to produce CO2, ATP, and H2O
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11
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Located around the cell to make protein for their specific locations

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12
Q

Bound ribosomes

A
  • Ribosomes connected to the rough ER

- makes proteins for the membrane and to be shipped out of the cell

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13
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • Contains a double membrane
  • has stacks of thylakoids for absorbing light energy
  • site of photosynthesis; takes in CO2 and H20 to make glucose and oxygen
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14
Q

thylakoids

A
  • Located in the chloroplast

- absorbed sunlight

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15
Q

Granum

A

Stacks of thylakoids

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16
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid in the chloroplast

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17
Q

Vacuole

A
  • Storage for the cell

- water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

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18
Q

What can pass through the cell membrane

A

Small non-polar molecules

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19
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Molecules going from high to low concentration

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20
Q

Down concentration gradient

A
  • High to low concentration

- Energy not required

21
Q

Up the concentration gradient

A
  • low to high concentration

- requires energy

22
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Membrane is made of many moving parts

23
Q

What helps membrane fluidity

A
  • kinked phospholipids

- cholesterol

24
Q

Passive transport

A
  • diffusion
  • high concentration to low concentration
  • does not require energy
25
Q

2 types of diffusion

A
  • Simple diffusion

- Facilitated diffusion

26
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • high to low diffusion

- goes through integral protein

27
Q

Osmosis

A
  • diffusion of water

- water goes through aquaporin

28
Q

Aquaporin

A

Channel for that water moves through

29
Q

True or false: Water follows solute

A

True

30
Q

Hypertonic

A
  • A solution with a higher level of solute than the cell within it
  • the cell will shrink
31
Q

Hypotonic

A
  • a solution has a lower level of solute than the cell within it
  • cell will grow
32
Q

Isotonic

A
  • a solution has the same level of solute as the cell within it
  • cell will stay the same size
33
Q

Water potential

A

Water will flow from high water potential to low water potential
Ex. -20.1

34
Q

Active transport

A
  • Requires energy
  • low to high concentration
  • uses pumps
35
Q

Endocyrosis

A
  • bringing a large amount of molecules into the cell

- requires energy

36
Q

Enzymes

A
  • have a specific shape for a specific function
  • active site bonds to substrate
  • active site shape matches substrate shape
  • enzymes lower activation energy and speed up chemical reactions
37
Q

pH effects on enzymes

A

Phs too high or low denatures enzymes

38
Q

Temperature effects on enzymes

A
  • Temps too low slow enzymes

- temps too high denature enzymes

39
Q

How do ions and large molecules get into the cell

A

Through integral proteins

40
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • hydrophilic heads

- hydrophobic tails

41
Q

Parts of integral proteins

A
  • tops and insides the interact with the outside of the cell are hydrophilic
  • outsides that interact with the phospholipid tails are hydrophobic
42
Q

Cotransports

A
  • two molecules moving through a transport protein together

- one molecule is needed for the other to pass through

43
Q

Channel protein

A

Acts as a tunnel that the molecule travels through

44
Q

Carrier protein

A
  • Changes shape to push the molecule through

- kind of like an elevator

45
Q

Glycolipids

A
  • specific to the organism

- allows our body to tell what belongs and what doesn’t

46
Q

Competitive enzyme inhibition

A

A chemical inhibitor that bonds with the active site preventing the substrate from fitting

47
Q

Allosteric inhibition

A

Inhibitor bond with the allosteric site to either block or change the shape of the active site

48
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

Molecule alerts transport protein to stop producing more of it by blocking the channel

49
Q

Can ions get through the membrane without help

A

No

Biology (12 decks)

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