Unit 5 Flashcards
Health Psychology
A subfield of psychology that explores the impact of psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors on health and wellness
psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect our immune system and resulting health
Eustress
Motivating and positive stress
Distress
negative and debilitating stress
Stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events called stressors that we appraise as threatening or challenging
What is primary appraisal
Assessing an event as a stressor
What is secondary appraisal
Assessing our ability to respond to a stressor
What is resilience
The personal strength to cope with stress and recover from adversity and trauma
How can extreme or prolonged stress harm us (2)
- It can trigger risky decisions and unhealthy behavior
- negatively impact health and well-being
What are psychological states
Physiological events that influence other parts of our physiological system
What are the 3 types of stressors
Catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles
Catastrophes stressors
Large scale disasters
acculturative stress
stress experienced when adapting to a new culture
Significant Life Changes Stressors
Life transitions (graduating college, a person’s death, a new job, etc.)
Daily hassle stressors
Typical, everyday occurrences that cause stress
Approach and avoidance motives, what theory is this from?
The drive to move toward or away from a stimulus, theory of motivational conflicts
Approach-approach conflicts
2 attractive, but incompatible goals
Avoidance-avoidance conflicts
Choosing between 2 undesirable conflicts
Approach-avoidance conflict
Feeling simultaneously attracted and repelled by a stimulus
What are the adrenal stress hormones
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
How is fight or flight activated
The sympathetic nervous system arouses us based on stimulus information
What is the effect of fight or flight (4)
Increases heart rate and respiration
diverts blood form digestion to skeletal muscles
dulls feelings of pain
releases sugar and fat from storage
Is the Sympathetic nervous system better for immediate or looming threates
immediate
General Adaption Syndrome
Concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phases, alarm, resistance, and exhasution
Alarm Reaction
Phase 1 of GAS, sympathetic nervous system is activated, increased heart rate, increased blood flow to muscles
Resistance
Phase 2 of GAS, endocrine system pumps epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. As time passes, body’s reserves dwindle
Exhaustion
Phase 3 of GAS, becoming vulnerable to illness, collapsing, or death when body’s reserves are depleted
Tend and befriend response
Under stress, people may nurture themselves and others and bond with and seek support from others
Why does stress leave people less able to fight disease
Because the nervous and endocrine systems influence the immune system
How can the immune system malfunction
Overreacting and underreacting
Overreacting (immune)
The immune system attacking the body’s own tissues
Underreacting (immune)
The immune system allowing a bacterial infection, virus infection, or cancer cell multiplication
What are 3 examples of the effect that stress has on health
Surgical wounds heal slower in stressed people
stressed people are more vulnerable to colds
stress can hasten the course of a disease
Coronary heart disease
Clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
What are the 2 types of personality
Type A and Type B
Type A
Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
Easygoing, relaxed people
What is a possible reason that Type A people experience more heart disease
When their sympatric nervous system is activated due to constant anger, blood is redistributed and pulls away from the organs, preventing the organs from preforming actions that aid health. Such as the liver, that removes cholesterol and fat from the blood.
catharsis
The idea that “releasing” aggressive energy relieves aggressive urgers
cope
Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor
Emotion-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
What are the 2 types of coping
Problem and emotion
Personal control
Sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
Learned helplessness
Hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
external locus of control
The perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determines our fate
Internal locus of control
Perception that we control our own fate
self control
ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
Depletion effect
Resisting a prior choice results in a greater chance of giving in on the next choice
How does social support improves health
- calms, improves sleep, reduces blood pressure
- stronger immune functioning
- chance for open heart therapy
Positive psychology
Scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of promoting strength and virtues that foster well-being, resilience, and positive emotions, and that help individuals and communities to thrive
subjective well-being
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people’s quality of life
What are the 3 pillars of positive psychology
Positive well being
positive traits
positive groups, communities, and cultures
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
People’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood, It is also true in the reverse, doing good things promotes good feelings
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Tendency to form judgement relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Relative deprivation
The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves to
Do genes influence happiness
Yes. For example, identical twins, even those raised apart, have similar happiness levels
Broaden-and-build theory
Proposes that positive emotions broaden our awareness, which over time helps us build novel and meaningful skills and resilience that improve well-bring
Character strengths and virutres
A classification system to identify positive traits; organized into categories of wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence
What are the 6 broad virtue categories, what do positive psychologists believe about these traits
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence
Positive psychologists believe that everyone has all of these traits, but in different amounts
What helps build resilience (5)
Aerobic exercise, relaxation, mindfulness, gratitude, and active spiritual engagement
Aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness that also helps alleviate anxiety
How does exercise help the heart (4)
It increases blood flow, opens the blood vessels, lowers blood pressure, and reduces the hormone and blood pressure reactions to stress
How does exercise help cognitive function
It improves cognitive functioning and reduces the risk for neurocognitive disorder
biofeedbac
A system of recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about a subtle physiological responses in an effort to help people control then
mindfulness mediation
A reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner
gratitude
An appreciative emotion people open experience when they benefit from other’s actions or recognize their own good fortune
Faith factor
Religious people tend to live longer
Psychological disorder
A disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that cause distress or suffering and impairs their daily lives
What are dysfunctional/maladaptive thoughts, emotions, or behaviors
Thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that interfere with normal, everyday life
What is often accompanied with dysfunction
distress
How do social norms influence what behavior is seen as a psychological disorders
Social norms change over time and determine that is deemed acceptable. Behavior that used to be viewed as dysfunctional may change into accepted behaviors
Moral treatment
Thought by Philippe Pinel that included boosting patient’s spirits by unchaining them and talking with them as opposed to brutal treatments in the 19th century
Medical model
The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
What was the effect of syphilis on the medica model
It was discovered that syphilis, a physical disease, could affect the brain and distort the mind. This prompted research into physical causes behind mental disorders that created the medical model
How is a mental disorder diagnosed and treated based on the medical model
The mental illness needs to be diagnosed based on symptoms and treated through therapy which an include treatment at a psychiatric hospital
psychopathology
Study of mental illness
Disorders can be worldwide or culture-bound
Major depressive disorder and schizophrenia (etc.) occur worldwide
Susto (severe anxiety from black magic) is culture bound
Diathesis-stress model
The concept that genetic predispositions (diathesis) combine with environmental stressors to influence psychological disorders
comorbidity
Being diagnosed with 2 mental disorders resulting from overlapping genes. People diagnosed with 1 disorder are more likely to be diagnosed with another
What is the biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders
It believes that psychological disorders are a result of biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences
What does classification of a mental disorder do
It can predict the disorder’s future course, suggest treatment, and prompt research
What is the psychodynamic perspective on the reason behind psychological disorders
Unresolved childhood conflicts and unconscious thoughts
What is the humanistic perspective on the reason behind psychological disorders
Lack of social support and the inability to fulfill one’s potential
What is the behavioral perspective on the reason behind psychological disorders
Maladaptive learned associations
What is the cognitive perspective on the reason behind psychological disorders
Maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions
What is the biological perspective on the reason behind psychological disorders
Genetic or physiological predispositions
What is the evolutionary perspective on the reason behind psychological disorders
Maladaptive forms of behaviors that enable human survival
What is the social cultural perspective on the reason behind psychological disorders
Problematic social and cultural contexts
What is the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR)
A tool used to describing disorders that involve diagnosis and treatment. It includes diagnostic codes from the WHO’s International Classification of Diseases
How is the DSM-5-TR diagnosis reliability assessed
Diagnosis for some treatments are highly agreed on, such as PTSD or autism, but others such as anxiety have a lower agree rate, meaning that psychiatrists disagree a lot on whether a person would have the disorder or not
What are critics of the DSM-5-TR
The net for disorder requirements are too wide, resulting in normal behaviors being seen as a disorder
What is a critic of classification
Diagnostic labels can be subjective and result in different treatment towards that individual
What are ways to prevent suicide in a friend or family member
Listening, connecting, and protecting
What is nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)
Acts of self harm such as cutting or burning that doesn’t result in death
Can clinicians predict who is likely to do harm
no
What are better predictors of violence as opposed to mental illness
Alcohol or drug use, previous violence, gun availability, and brain damage
Anxiety disorders
A group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviors
social anxiety disorder
Intense fear and avoidance of social situations
generalized anxiety disorder
A person who worries about many things they can’t control and is persistently tense and uneasy and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
panic disorder
a person who experiences panic attacks, sudden episodes of intense dread and physical arousal, and fears the next attack
specific phobias
A person who is intensely and excessively afraid of something
Free-floating anxiety
Anxiety not particularly linked to a specific stressor or threat
agoraphobia
A specific phobia involving fear or avoidance of public situations
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts, actions, or both
What are obsessive thoughts, what are compulsive behaviors
Obsessive thoughts are unwanted and seemingly unending thoughts
Compulsive behaviors are responses to obsessive thoughts
Hoarding disorder
A presistent difficulty parting with possessions, regardless of value
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (8 symptoms)
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more
trauma and stressor related disorders
Group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress
Survivor resiliency
Recovering with healthy functioning after a traumatic event
Posttraumatic growth
Positive psychological change that some individuals experience after a traumatic event
What influences the development of PTSD
Level of emotional distress and memory of the event
How does classical conditioning affect mental disorders
Classical conditioning can link fear responses to formerly neutral objectives and events.
How does stimulus generalization affect mental disorders
It affects disorders by making the person react to similar stimulus to their initial stressor. Such as trauma from a chihuahua bite becoming a fear of all dogs
How does reinforcement affect mental disorders
It helps maintain fears and anxieties. Behaviors that avoid the feared stimulus results in feeling calm and reinforces maladaptive behaviors. Such as washing hands provides a feeling of calm in those with OCD, so they are more likely to continue doing it
How do genes influence mental disorders
Some genes regulate the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and glutamate
Epigenetic marks can also result in behavioral changes and genetic vulnerability to later disorder development
How does the brain influence mental disorders
Trauma can create fear circuits in the brain that make it easier to feel fear, antidepressants can dampen these fear-circuits
Brain areas can be over aroused that results in mental disorders
How does natural selection influence mental disorders
Fears that enabled our ancestors survivals are passed on to us, such as fear of heights and fear of loud noises
Difference in anxiety and depression responses
Anxiety is a response to the threat of future loss, while depression is often a response to past and current stress
Depressive disorders
A group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function
Major depressive disorder
A disorder in which a person experiences 5 or more symptoms lasting 2 or more weeks, in the absence of drug use or medical condition, at least 1 must be depressed mood or loss of interest
persistent depressive disorder
A disorder in which people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least 2 years
Difference between major and persistent depressive disorder
Major: symptoms for 2 or more weeks, at least 5 symptoms
Persistent: symptoms for most of 2 years, at least 2 symptoms
Seasonal depression
Experiencing depression during certain seasons, usually winter
bipolar 1 disorder
The most severe form where people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer (mania)
mania
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common
Dipolar 2 disorder
A less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania
What does depression affect in the body
Genetic predispositions, brain connectivity issues, biochemical imbalances, and a negative mood with negative thoughts
Brain structure and activity in those with depression
- Brain activity slows during depression and increases during mania
- Activity in rewards centers often decrease
- Norepinephrine increases arousal and boosts mood, scarce during depression, high during mania
- Serotonin is scarce during depression
How do depressive drugs usually function
Increasing serotonin or norepinephrine supply by blocking reuptake or blocking chemical breakdown
how does nutrition affect mental health
Those with a better diet and lifestyle are less likely to develop a physical disease which influences mental health
How does the social-cognitive perspective influence depression
People’s assumptions and expectations influence perception. People with depression have negative views of themselves and their future. They also have self-defeating beliefs and a negative explanatory style
rumination
Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes
How are events explained in a pessimistic explanatory style
Stable (never changing emotional state)
Global (overgeneralizing failures)
Internal (overattributing faults to themselves)
How are events explained in a optimistic explanatory style
Temporary (emotional state will change)
Specific (Current state and behaviors are specific to situation)
External (Focuses blame on factors involved, not just the individual)
What are the parts of a depression cycle
Stressful experiences
negative explanatory style
depressed mood
cognitive and behavioral changes
Schizophrenia spectrum disorder
A group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized or unusual motor behavior and negative symptoms that includes schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder
Psychotic disorder
A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
Schizotypal personality disorder
People who experience discomfort in close relationships, have distorted thoughts and perceptions, and engage in eccentric behaviors
schizophrenia
People with a mind that is split from reality that open have disturbed perceptions and beliefs, disorganized speech, and diminished, inappropriate emotions and actions. Can also be accompanied by hallucinations and delusions
what are the 2 categories of schizophrenia symptoms
Positive symptoms - behaviors not typical in those without schizophrenia
negative symptoms - behaviors in those without schizophrenia that aren’t shown in those with it
Positive Symptoms of schizophrenia
Hallucinations, delusions, catatonic excitement, breakdown of seletic attention, and disorganized motor behavior
Hallucination
Seeing, hearing, tasting, feeling, or smelling things that exist only in the mind, false perception from fake stimuli
delusions
A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Flat affect, word salad, catatonic stupor, alogioa, annedonia, avolution, and impaired memory of mind
Word Salad
Jumbled ideas that make no sense within sentences
flat affect
emotions that are unfit/split from reality
Alogia
reduced speech output
Annedonia
Inability to expereince pleasure
Avolition
Lack of motivation
Impaired theory of mind
Difficulty reading other peoples’ facial expressions and states of mind
chronic schizophrenia
A form of schizophrenia where symptoms appear by late adolescence or early adulthood, as people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten
acute schizophrenia
A form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age and is frequently a response to a traumatic event and recovery is more likely. Most likely have more positive symptoms
Dopamine hypothesis
An excess of dopamine receptors resulting in a hyper-responsive dopamine system that intensifies brain signals resulting in positive symptoms in schizophrenia
What are the abnormal brain structures and activity in those with schizophrenia (5)
- low brain activity in the frontal lobes
- activation of the thalamus when hallucinating
- increased activity in the amygdala with paranoia
- enlarged ventricles with shrinking cerebral tissue
- smaller cortex, hippocampus, corpus callosum, and thalamus
- loss of neural connections across the brain
What are the prenatal events associated with schizophrenia
Low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, oxygen deprivation during delivery, famine, extreme stress, and viral infections like the flu
How do genes influence schizophrenia
Some people are more likely to develop schizophrenia due to genetics. If a sibling has been diagnosed, there is a 10% chance of developing it for example
Sharing a placenta in the womb also contributes
Dissociative disordera
A controversial, rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior
dissociative fugue state
A sudden loss o memory or change in identity that is usually a response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation
dissociative identity disorder
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
Dissociative amnesia
A disorder in which people reportedly experience memory gaps, may not remember trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity and life history
What are criticisms of dissociative identity disorder
- When DSM added it as a diagnosis, cases soared
- Therapists can fish for a multiple identity diagnosis
What is biological evidence behind DID and dissociative amnesia
Abnormal brain anatomy and activity
- shrinkage in areas that aid memory and
lower activity in the hippocampus
Personality disorders
Group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ fom someone’s cultural norms and expecatations, they are pervasive and inflexible, they begin in adolescence or early adulthood and remain stable
What are the 3 personality clusters involved in personality disorders
Cluster A
Cluster B
Cluster C
Cluster A traits and disorders
Appear as eccentric or add
paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder
Cluster B traits and disorders
Appear as dramatic, emotional, or erratic
borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder
Cluster C traits and disorders
Appear as anxious or fearful
avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrong-doing, may be aggressive and ruthless
What are common behaviors of those with Antisocial personality disorder (6)
Acting in violent ways
committing crimes
unable to keep a job
behaving irresponsibly
exhibit less emotional intelligence
impulsive
How does nurture and nature influence antisocial personality disorder (7)
- Those with relatives that have been diagnosed are more likely to have it as well.
- The genes also increase the risk of substance use disorder
- the amygdala is smaller
- stress hormone levels are lower than average
- more reactive dopamine reward system
- reduced frontal lobe activity, also smaller
- Negative environmental factors also wire the brain to have more antisocial tendencies
feeding and eating disorders
a group of disorders characterized by altered consumption and absorption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight and has an inaccurate self-perception, sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior
binge-eating disorder
people who engage in significant bouts of binging followed by remorse
How does nurture and nature influence eating disorders
There is a 60% heritability for anorexia and family environment can result in the development of the disorder
neurodevelopmental disorders
a central nervous abnormalities that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior
What are 4 common neurodevelopmental disorders
specific learning disorders, motor disorders, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
specific learning disorders
people who experience chronic difficulties perceiving and processing information
dyslexia
A learning disorder resulting in impaired reading
Motor disorders
disorders that impair people’s ability to communicate, interact with others, or preform necessary tasks and usually appear before 18 and impair the parts of the brain involved in planning and executing actions
developmental coordination disorder
extreme clumsiness and slowness when performing tasks that require motor skills
Stereotypic movement disorder
engaging in repetitive and unnecessary motor movements
Tic disorders
disorders that produce sudden, rapid, and involuntary movements or vocalizations such as Tourette’s disorder
What are treatments for motor disorders
occupational or physical therapy, behavior therapy, and aging results in less tics
Autism spectrum disorder
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interactions, and has hyper fixations and repetitive behaviors
What is the believed source of ASD symptoms
poor communication among regions of the brain
Asperger’s syndrome
People who generally function at a high level with normal intelligence with exceptional skill in a specific area, but inability to interact and communicate socially
What are systemizers and empathizers, what is the connection to ASD
Systemizers understand things according to rules or laws and are usually male. Empathizers are those who excel at reading facial expression, prediction emotion, and navigating social situations and are usually girls. Those with ASD are usually Systemizers
Biological factors contributing to ASD
- maternal infection, drug use, or stress hormones
- heritability of 80%
- random genetic mutations
- under connected fiber tracts connecting the front of the brain to the back
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
Who pushed for better conditions and treatments for psychiatric patients
Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix
deinsitutionalization
the process in the late 20th century of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities
What were the effects of deinsitutionalization in the 20th century
People were moved into facilities with inadequate treatments and living situations. Many were left homeless and incarcerated
How do therapists prefer to treat patients with chronic mental illness
in decentralized ways, combing medication and psychological therapies
What are the 2 categories for modern therapies
psychotherapy and biomedical therapy
psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques, consisting of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on a person’s physiology
eclectic
an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
What was the goal of psychoanalysis
To help patients reclaim their unconscious thoughts and feelings by giving them insight into the origins of their disorders with help from the analyst (therapist)
resistance
psychoanalysis, the blocking from the consciousness of anxiety-laden material. Seen as hesitation to address a topic
interpretation
psychoanalysis, analyst noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
transferring
psychoanalysis, patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
psychodynamic therapists
Views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight. Involves free association and dream interpretation
Insight therapies
therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses (humanistic and psychodynamic)
humanistic therapies/ person-centered therapy
therapies that focuses on reducing the inner conflicts that interfere with natural development and growth by focusing on growth (not an illness), the present, and the conscious mind
person-centered therapy
humanistic therapy in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening with an accepting, genuine, and empathetic attitude to facilitate growth
nondirective therapy, what type of therapy
person-centered/humanistic
therapy where the clients leads the dicussion with the therapist just listening
active listening
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates,and seeks clarification - person centered therapy
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help client’s develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
behavioral therapists
therapy that uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors
classical conditioning - behavioral
Maladaptive behaviors and symptoms are conditioned responses/learned responses and can be remedied
counterconditioning
behavior therapy procedures that use classifical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors
exposure and aversive conditioning
exposure therapies
behavioral techniques (systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy) that treat anxieties by exposing people to fearful stimuli
applied behavior analysis
Using what is known about conditioning to address disordered behaviors - behavioral therapies
systematic desensitization
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli, used to treat specific phobias
fear hierarchy
a ladder depicting increasing levels of fear
Progressive relaxation
Releasing tension until you reach a state of complete relaxation
Virtual reality exposure therapy
counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face specific fears
Aversive conditioning
Associating an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
How does operant conditioning influence behavioral therapies
The principles of operant conditioning are used to reinforce positive behavior and decrease unwanted behavior
token economy
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token or exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges and treats
Cognitive therapies
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Rational emotive beahvior therapy
A confrontational cognitive therapy that challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
catastrophizing
Relentless, overgeneralized, self-blaming behavior
Stress inoculation training
Trains people to restructure their thinking during stressful situations
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior thereapy
Dialectical beahvior therapy
Therapists create an accepting and encouraging environment that allows the client to learn new ways to think that helps them tolerate distress and regulate new emotions
Accpetance and Commitment therapy
Helps clients learnt o accept their feelings and commit to actions that are more consistent with life values
group therapy
Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction
Familt therapy
Therapy that treats people in the context of their family systems. Views an individual’s unwanted behavior as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
Randomized clinical trials
Researchers randomly assign people to therapy or to no therapy, then compare
What does cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies treat the best
Anxiety, PTSD, insomnia, depression
What does Behavioral Conditioning therapies treats the best
Behavior problems, specific phobias, compulsions
What does Psychodynamic therapy treat the best
Depression and anxiety
Evidence based practice
Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
Therapeutic alliance
A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the clients problem
What are the 5 principles of ethics a therapist follows
- Beneficence and nonmaleficence
- Fidelity and responsibility
- Integrity
- Justice
-respect for people’s rights and dignity
3 common types of medication
Anitpsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety
psychopharmacology
Study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
Antipsychotic drugs
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders - usually blocks dopamine receptors
Tardive dyskinesia
Movement disorder which produces involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs from long term use of antispychotics
Antianxiety drugs
Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation - depress the central nervous system activity and can be addictive
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depressive orders, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD - usually SSRIs
Mood stabilizing drugs
Drugs used to control manic episodes in bipolar disorder
Lithium
mood stabilizer for bipolar that stabilizing the depressive and manic episodes
Electroconvulsive therapy
Biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person
Transcranial direct current stimulation
A weak current to the brain for depression
transcranial magnetic stimulation
application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain use to stimulate or suppress brain activity
Deep brain stimulation
Electrodes planted in sadness centers to calm overactive areas
psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
lobotomy
A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
What were the effects of a lobotomy
Decreased misery or tension and permanently lethargic, immature, and creative traits
Lesion
the destruction or remove of a nerve cluster to stop disorders
hyponosis
A social interaction in which the hypnotist suggests certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors, attempting to use suggestion to reduce unpleasant physical sensations or emotions
What are the 2 theories behind why hypnosis works
Social influence theory and dissociation theory
Social influence theory
Believes that hypnosis is a by-product of normal social and mental processes
Dissociation theory
Proposes that hypnosis is a special dual-processing state of dislocation
dissociation
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and beaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Posthypnotic suggestions
A suggestion made out during a hypnosis session that is carried out afte the subject is no longer under hypnosis, used to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Preventive mental health
seeks to prevent psychological casualties by identifying and alleviating the conditions that cause them
posttraumatic growth
positive psychological changes following a struggle with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.
