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AP Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

Process of acquiring through experiencing new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

association

A

Naturally connecting events that happen in sequence

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3
Q

How do habits form

A

When behavior is repeating in a given context

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4
Q

On average, when do behaviors become habitual

A

66 days

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5
Q

habituates

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

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6
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of associative learning

A

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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8
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Associating 2 events and thus anticipating the events

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9
Q

stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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10
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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11
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learn to associate a response and its consequence

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12
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment and produces a consequence

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13
Q

cognitive learning

A

acquisition of mental information by overserving, watching others, or through language

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14
Q

behaviorism

A

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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15
Q

Who was behind behaviorism

A

John B Watson

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16
Q

Neutral stimuli

A

Classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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17
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Classical conditioning, an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

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18
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally triggers an unconditioned response

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19
Q

Conditioned response

A

Classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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20
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response

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21
Q

What are the 5 major conditioning processes

A

Acquisition
extinction
spontaneous recovery
generalization
discrimination

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22
Q

Acquisition - cc

A

Initial stage where a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is linked

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23
Q

How much time should elapse between the NS and the UCS

A

1/2 a second

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24
Q

Classically conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps prepare for good or bad events

A

:D

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25
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

Procedure where the conditioned stimulus in 1 conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second weaker conditioned stimulus

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26
Q

Extinction - cc

A

Diminishing of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned response

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27
Q

Spontaneous Recovery - cc

A

The reappearance of a weakened conditioned response

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28
Q

Generalization - cc

A

Tendency for similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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29
Q

Discrimination -cc

A

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimulus

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30
Q

What did the Little Albert Experiment show

A

Learned fearsW

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31
Q

Who conducted the Little Albert Experiment

A

Watson and Rayner

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32
Q

What have people assumed about animals since Darwin

A

All animals share commonalities in their makeup and function, therefore the basic laws of learning were essentially similar in all animals

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33
Q

What did early behaviorists realize about animals learning ability

A

An animal’s capacity for conditioning is limited by biological constraints

34
Q

preparedness

A

biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value

35
Q

What did John Garcia do

A

Proved the idea of preparedness and that not all animals have the same learning capabilities through this rat taste aversion experiment

36
Q

instinctive drift

A

Drifitng back to biological behaviors

37
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable conseuqences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

38
Q

What did BF Skinner develop

A

behavioral technology that revealed principles of bheavior control

39
Q

operant chamber/Skinner Box

A

chamber containing a mechanism that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer

40
Q

reinforcement

A

any events that strengthened the behavior it follows

41
Q

shaping

A

procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

42
Q

successive approximations

A

reinforce responses that are progressively getting closer to desired behavior

43
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

44
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by presenting a pleasurable stimulus

45
Q

positive reinforcer

A

any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response

46
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing an aversive stimulusn

47
Q

negative reinforcer

A

any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response

48
Q

negative reinforcement is not

A

punishment

49
Q

primary reinforcers

A

innately reinforcing stimulus
ex. stimulus that satisfies a biological need

50
Q

conditioning reinforcers

A

stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

51
Q

reinforcement schedules

A

pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

52
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing the desired response everytime it occurs

53
Q

partial reinforcement schedules

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time

54
Q

How does partial reinforcement schedules compare to continuous schedules

A

partial results in slower acquistion but greater resistance to extinction compared to continuous

55
Q

what are the 4 schedules of partial reinforcement

A

fixed ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
variable interval

56
Q

fixed ratio schedules

A

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

57
Q

variable ratio schedules

A

reinforces only after an unpredictable number of responses

58
Q

fixed interval schedules

A

reinforces a response after a fixed time period

59
Q

variable interval schedules

A

reinforces the first response after varying time intervals

60
Q

What type of partial schedules have a higher response rate

A

ratio schedules compared to interval schedules

61
Q

What type of partial schedules have a higher consistency

A

variable schedule compared to fixed schedules

62
Q

punishment

A

event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows

63
Q

positive punishment

A

administers an aversive stimulus

64
Q

negative punishment

A

withdraw a rewarding stimulus

65
Q

What do biological constraints effect how animals learn associations

A

they predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive

66
Q

instinctive drift

A

intendecy of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

67
Q

response - oc

A

voluntary, operates on the environment

68
Q

acquisition - oc

A

associating a response with a consequence

69
Q

extinction - oc

A

responding decreases when reinforcement stops

70
Q

generalization - oc

A

responses learned in one situation occuring in other, similar situationsd

71
Q

discrimination - oc

A

learning that some responses, but not others will be reinforced

72
Q

what are the 3 influences on learning

A

Biological, psychological, and social-cultural

73
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

74
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

75
Q

insight learning

A

solving problems through sudden insight, contrasts with strategy-based solutions

76
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

77
Q

Social learning theory

A

proposes that people learn social behavior by oberserbing and imitating other

78
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

79
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons that some scientists believe fire when we preform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brain’s mirror may enable imitation and empathy

80
Q

prosocial behaviors

A

positive, helpful behavior

81
Q

antisocial behavior

A

negative, harmful bheavior

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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