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AP Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

Process of acquiring through experiencing new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

association

A

Naturally connecting events that happen in sequence

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3
Q

How do habits form

A

When behavior is repeating in a given context

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4
Q

On average, when do behaviors become habitual

A

66 days

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5
Q

habituates

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

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6
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of associative learning

A

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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8
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Associating 2 events and thus anticipating the events

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9
Q

stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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10
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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11
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learn to associate a response and its consequence

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12
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment and produces a consequence

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13
Q

cognitive learning

A

acquisition of mental information by overserving, watching others, or through language

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14
Q

behaviorism

A

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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15
Q

Who was behind behaviorism

A

John B Watson

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16
Q

Neutral stimuli

A

Classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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17
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Classical conditioning, an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

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18
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally triggers an unconditioned response

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19
Q

Conditioned response

A

Classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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20
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response

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21
Q

What are the 5 major conditioning processes

A

Acquisition
extinction
spontaneous recovery
generalization
discrimination

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22
Q

Acquisition - cc

A

Initial stage where a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is linked

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23
Q

How much time should elapse between the NS and the UCS

A

1/2 a second

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24
Q

Classically conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps prepare for good or bad events

A

:D

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25
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

Procedure where the conditioned stimulus in 1 conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second weaker conditioned stimulus

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26
Q

Extinction - cc

A

Diminishing of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned response

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27
Q

Spontaneous Recovery - cc

A

The reappearance of a weakened conditioned response

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28
Q

Generalization - cc

A

Tendency for similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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29
Q

Discrimination -cc

A

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimulus

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30
Q

What did the Little Albert Experiment show

A

Learned fearsW

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31
Q

Who conducted the Little Albert Experiment

A

Watson and Rayner

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32
Q

What have people assumed about animals since Darwin

A

All animals share commonalities in their makeup and function, therefore the basic laws of learning were essentially similar in all animals

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33
Q

What did early behaviorists realize about animals learning ability

A

An animal’s capacity for conditioning is limited by biological constraints

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34
Q

preparedness

A

biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value

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35
Q

What did John Garcia do

A

Proved the idea of preparedness and that not all animals have the same learning capabilities through this rat taste aversion experiment

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36
Q

instinctive drift

A

Drifitng back to biological behaviors

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37
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable conseuqences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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38
Q

What did BF Skinner develop

A

behavioral technology that revealed principles of bheavior control

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39
Q

operant chamber/Skinner Box

A

chamber containing a mechanism that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer

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40
Q

reinforcement

A

any events that strengthened the behavior it follows

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41
Q

shaping

A

procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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42
Q

successive approximations

A

reinforce responses that are progressively getting closer to desired behavior

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43
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

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44
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by presenting a pleasurable stimulus

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45
Q

positive reinforcer

A

any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response

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46
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing an aversive stimulusn

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47
Q

negative reinforcer

A

any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response

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48
Q

negative reinforcement is not

A

punishment

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49
Q

primary reinforcers

A

innately reinforcing stimulus
ex. stimulus that satisfies a biological need

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50
Q

conditioning reinforcers

A

stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

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51
Q

reinforcement schedules

A

pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

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52
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing the desired response everytime it occurs

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53
Q

partial reinforcement schedules

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time

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54
Q

How does partial reinforcement schedules compare to continuous schedules

A

partial results in slower acquistion but greater resistance to extinction compared to continuous

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55
Q

what are the 4 schedules of partial reinforcement

A

fixed ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
variable interval

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56
Q

fixed ratio schedules

A

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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57
Q

variable ratio schedules

A

reinforces only after an unpredictable number of responses

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58
Q

fixed interval schedules

A

reinforces a response after a fixed time period

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59
Q

variable interval schedules

A

reinforces the first response after varying time intervals

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60
Q

What type of partial schedules have a higher response rate

A

ratio schedules compared to interval schedules

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61
Q

What type of partial schedules have a higher consistency

A

variable schedule compared to fixed schedules

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62
Q

punishment

A

event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows

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63
Q

positive punishment

A

administers an aversive stimulus

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64
Q

negative punishment

A

withdraw a rewarding stimulus

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65
Q

What do biological constraints effect how animals learn associations

A

they predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive

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66
Q

instinctive drift

A

intendecy of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

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67
Q

response - oc

A

voluntary, operates on the environment

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68
Q

acquisition - oc

A

associating a response with a consequence

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69
Q

extinction - oc

A

responding decreases when reinforcement stops

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70
Q

generalization - oc

A

responses learned in one situation occuring in other, similar situationsd

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71
Q

discrimination - oc

A

learning that some responses, but not others will be reinforced

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72
Q

what are the 3 influences on learning

A

Biological, psychological, and social-cultural

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73
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

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74
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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75
Q

insight learning

A

solving problems through sudden insight, contrasts with strategy-based solutions

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76
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

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77
Q

Social learning theory

A

proposes that people learn social behavior by oberserbing and imitating other

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78
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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79
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons that some scientists believe fire when we preform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brain’s mirror may enable imitation and empathy

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80
Q

prosocial behaviors

A

positive, helpful behavior

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81
Q

antisocial behavior

A

negative, harmful bheavior

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82
Q

Are the eggs a female has infinite or finite?

A

finite

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83
Q

Is the sperm a male has infinite or finite?

A

Infinite, they continue producing sperm

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84
Q

What are zygotes?

A

Fertilized eggs

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85
Q

When dot he cells begin to differentiate?

A

When the zygote has around 100 identical cells

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86
Q

What occurs 10 days after conception?

A

The germinal stage completes and the zygote attaches to the uterine wall

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87
Q

What does the zygote become?

A

The inner cells become the embryo and the outer cells become the placenta

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88
Q

What is the duty of the placenta?

A

It transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to the embryo

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89
Q

tetragens

A

Agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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90
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Physical and cognitive function deficits in children caused by heavy drinking during pregnancy

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91
Q

Are babies born with inborn reflexes or are they learned?

A

Babies are born with automatic reflex responses

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92
Q

What are 4 inborn baby reflexes?

A

Rooting, sucking, startling, and grasping

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93
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation, as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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94
Q

what are newborns most responsive to?

A

Stimulus that facilitate social responsiveness

95
Q

maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

96
Q

What are ACES and what is the effect

A

Adverse childhood experiences such as abuse which can slow development

97
Q

What occurs in the brain from 3-6

A

Rapid brain growth in the frontal lobe which enable rational planning

98
Q

What were the last cortical areas of the brain to develop

A

The associations linked with thinking, memory, and language

99
Q

What type of pathways grow during puberty

A

Agility, language, and self control

100
Q

What does pruning do?

A

Unused neurons and links are cut out

101
Q

How does environment effect brain cortex health?

A

A healthy, enriched environment resulted in an enriched brain cortex

102
Q

Critical period

A

Optimal period early in lie of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

103
Q

When can people most easily master language and grammar

A

Early childhood

104
Q

What happens when an essential sense stimulus isn’t experienced during the critical period?

A

The brain cells usually assigned to that sense will die or be diverted to other uses

105
Q

What specific parts develop as motor development occurs?

A

Fine motor skills and gross motor skills

106
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Forgetting most memories from before the age of 4 due to rapid neuron growth disrupting the circuits that store old memories and premature hippocampus and frontal lobes

107
Q

Developmental psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

108
Q

What are the stages of Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of development?

A

Preconventional morality, conventional morality, postconventional morality for some

109
Q

What are the stages of Erik Erikson’s stages of development?

A

Basic trust, autonomy, initiative, competence, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity

110
Q

What are the stages of Jean Piaget’s stages of development

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

111
Q

Do characteristics remain stable or change?

A

Some change, some remain stable

112
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

113
Q

Is the period of adolescence the same for all or different?

A

It is different among cultures where adolescence can expand until 18, while other cultures are more independent and last until the early years of middle school

114
Q

puberty

A

Period of sexual maturation, the time when a person becomes capable of reproducing

115
Q

menarche

A

First menstrual period

116
Q

Is sequence or timing of life stages more predictable?

A

sequences

117
Q

What does a maturing prefrontal cortex and the growth of myelin do for teenagers?

A

It increases judgement, impulse control, and long-term planning, along 2with myelin growth contributing to better communication with other brain regions

118
Q

What is a result of a premature emotional limbic system in teenager?

A

Impulsive risky behavior that is unable to make long-term plans and preventing impulsive behavior

119
Q

What are the terms to describe adulthood stages?

A

Emerging adulthood, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood

120
Q

What abilities decrease with age?

A

Physical abilities such as strength, reaction time, and flexibility

121
Q

How much does physical vigor effect early and middle adulthood?

A

It has little effect, health and exercise habits have a greater effect at this time

122
Q

menopause

A

Time of natural cessation of menstruations when a woman’s ability to reproduce declines

123
Q

What happens with men’s reproductive abilities as they age?

A

They slowly decline in sperm count, testosterone level, and speed of erection and ejaculation

124
Q

How long do women usually outlive men?

A

4.4-4.7 years

125
Q

Death-deferral method

A

People day after reaching a milestone or event

126
Q

What visual senses decline with age?

A

Visual sharpness, depth perception, and adaptations to light-level changes

127
Q

How are aging bodies more resilient and less resilient

A

They are less perceptible to get infected by common diseases because of various antibodies built up over time. They are more likely to get more life-threatening diseases due to the immune system weakening

128
Q

What happens to the brain’s abilities as we age

A

Processing information becomes flower, memory regions in the brain begin to atrophy, the prefrontal cortex atrophies which leads to impulsiveness

129
Q

How does exercise help aging?

A

It stimulates neurogenesis and neural connections which can result in greater memory and judgment

130
Q

sex

A

Biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex

131
Q

gender

A

the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex

132
Q

intersex

A

Possessing male and female biological sexual characteristics at birth

133
Q

How many chromosomes do we get from our parents

A

23 from each

134
Q

How many of our chromosomes are unisex?

A

45

135
Q

What are 3 factors the average female and male differ in

A

Aggression, social power, and social connectedness

136
Q

aggression

A

An physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

137
Q

Relational aggression

A

An act of aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

138
Q

What is the difference between male friend groups and female friend groups

A

Male friend groups usually consist of a lot of people with little intimate discussions, while female friends group are usually smaller and more intimate

139
Q

What did Carol Gilligan suggest and how did it disrupt the idea of identity?

A

Psychologists believed that all children struggle to create a separate identity, but she suggested that western individualistic males struggle more than relationship-oriented females

140
Q

How do female and male brains differ?

A

There are no striking structural sex differences, but the female brain is wired in a way that better enables social relationships

141
Q

How does biology influence sexual development

A

Through our genetics, our differing sex chromosomes. And physiologically due to the different concentrations of sex hormones which trigger other anatomical differences

142
Q

What is the female chromosome and what is the male chromosome?

A

XX for female, XY for male

143
Q

What may occur at 7 weeks in the womb

A

If the embryo has a Y chromosome, a gene will become active that triggers the testes to develop and produce testosterone

144
Q

testosterone

A

Male sex hormones that exist in a greater concentration in men which stimulates the growth of male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty

145
Q

Estrogen

A

Female sex hormones that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted by females more than males

146
Q

What occurs at 4-5 months in the womb

A

Sex hormones influence the brain and its wiring

147
Q

How do hormones effect puberty

A

Puberty is characterized by a flood of hormones that triggers dramatic physical change, rapid sexual maturation

148
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

149
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as breasts and body hair

150
Q

spermarche

A

First ejaculation

151
Q

role

A

Set of expectations about a social position defining how hose in the position ought to behave

152
Q

gender roles

A

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and for women

153
Q

Are gender roles generally the same across the world for both men and women

A

No, different cultures have different values and roles for men and women

154
Q

sexual aggression

A

Any physical or verbal behavior of a sexual nature that is unwanted or intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

155
Q

Gender identity

A

Our personal sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male or female, regardless of whether this identity matches our sex assigned at birth, and the social affiliation that may result from this identity

156
Q

Social learning theory

A

Theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

157
Q

Gender Typing

A

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

158
Q

androgyny

A

Displaying traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine psychological characteristics

159
Q

sexuality

A

Our thoughts, feelings, and actions related to our physical attraction to another

160
Q

asexual

A

Having no sexual attraction toward others

161
Q

What are effects of sex hormones on 3 different parts of life?

A
  • prenatal period, directs sexual organ development based on which one is present in excess
  • puberty, sex hormones triggers adolescence
  • after puberty and well into the late adult years, sex hormones facilitate sexual behavior
162
Q

How do women respond to testosterone levels?

A

Testosterone levels affect sex drive of women. Low levels mean little drive and high levels mean high sex drive

163
Q

How does testosterone effect men?

A

Fluctuations in testosterone levels have little effect on sexual drive in men, but testosterone varies as a response to sexual stimulation

164
Q

What are the 2 stages in life where there are large hormone changes that affect sexual desire

A
  • pubertal surge in sex hormones triggers the development of sex characteristics and sexual interest
  • later life, sex hormones fall. In women this is menopause and men’s levels gradually decline
165
Q

How does habituate relate to sexual stimuli?

A

Repeated exposure to sexual stimuli can lessen the emotional response

166
Q

What factors contribute to teenage sexual risk taking?

A

Communication, impulsivity, alcohol use, and mass media

167
Q

Social scripts

A

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

168
Q

what are the characteristics of teens who delay having sex

A

High intelligence, religious engagement, father presence, and service learning participation

169
Q

What differs in how women pick mates and how men pick mates

A

Women are choosier when selecting partners, while men pick partners that convey fertility because it might increase the chances of reproduction success rate

170
Q

Sexual orientation

A

A person’s sexual and emotional attraction to another person and the behavior and/or social affiliation that may result from this attraction

171
Q

Does the ratio of same-sex people and bisexual people vary depending on culture acceptance?

A

no

172
Q

How do psychologists view sexual orientation?

A

Neither willfully chosen or willfully changed

173
Q

How do women’s and men’s sexual orientation differ

A

For women, orientation is less strongly felt and more fluid, while men’s sexual drives and orientation is less flexible

174
Q

erotic plasticity

A

Alternate periods of high sexual activity with periods of almost none

175
Q

What are the environmental influences on sexual orientation (nurture)

A

There are no concrete environmental influences on sexual orientation

176
Q

How does the hypothalamus differ in the brains of straight men and the brains of gay men and women

A

A cell cluster taken from that region is larger in straight men

177
Q

How does LeVay view the cell cluster’s function

A

He believes it is an important part of a brain pathway engaged in sexual behavior

178
Q

Brain anatomy effects sexual orientation

A

yes

179
Q

How does the function of an area of the hypothalamus that governs sexual arousal differ in gay men and straight men

A

When exposed to male hormones, this area became active in gay men similar to straight women. But straight men’s hypothalamus area only becomes active when exposed to female hormones

180
Q

How do trait performance differ in gay people and straight people

A

Gay people’s scores tend to fall in between straight men and women

181
Q

What are 2 theories as to why gay genes are in the human gene pool

A

Kin selection and fertile females theory

182
Q

When is the critical period for fetal brain development

A

Second trimester

183
Q

What role do hormones play during the second trimester

A

Exposure to certain hormones can predispose the embryo to exhibit gender-atypical traits and sexual orientation. Example being a female being expose to testosterone can predispose her to have same-sex attraction

184
Q

What is the older brother or fraternal birth order effect and why does it occur

A

Men with older brothers are more likely to be gay. The assumed reason being that male fetuses stimulates the mother to produce antibodies that become stronger with each passing boy, resulting in the preventing of the male fetus brain developing in a male typical pattern

185
Q

cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

186
Q

What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s theory

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

187
Q

sensorimotor stage, what age range, important milestones

A
  • from birth to around 2 years old
  • takes in the world through senses
  • lack object permanence in young infants (develops around 8 months)
  • able to comprehend impossible scenes (incorrect physics and math)
188
Q

Preoperational stage, age range, and important milestones

A
  • age 6 or 7
  • able to represent things with words
  • unable to preform mental operations
  • before the age of 6, lacks concept of conservation
  • parallel play and pretend play
  • egocentric
  • animism
  • stranger anxiety
189
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

Piaget’s theory, at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

190
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Piaget’s theory, at which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

191
Q

Object permanence

A

Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

192
Q

conservation

A

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

193
Q

Egocentric

A

The preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

194
Q

animism

A

Belief that inanimate objects are alive or have lifelike feelings and motivations

195
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

The stage of cognitive development at which children can preform the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

196
Q

Concrete operational stage, age range, important milestones

A
  • about age 7 they enter this stage
  • able to grasp complex relationship about spatial and mathematical relationships like conservation and reversing questions
  • able to understand complex jokes
197
Q

Formal operational stage, age range, important milestones

A
  • around age 12
  • reasoning expands to encompass abstract thinking and able to think systematically
  • moral reasoning
198
Q

formal operational stage

A

The stage of cognitive development at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

199
Q

What changed from Piaget’s idea of development and today’s stance on it?

A

Piaget believed it development was discontinuous, occurring in distinct stages, while today’s researchers believe it is continuous, gradual and ongoing

200
Q

What was the difference in emphasis for development with Piaget and Vygotsky

A

Piaget believed that the child’s mind grows through interactions with the physical environment, but Vygotsky emphasized how the mind grew through interactions with the social-cultural environment

201
Q

scaffold

A

A framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

202
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

The zone between what a child can and can’t do, its what a child an do with help

203
Q

How is language important for social cultural mentoring

A

It provides the building blocks for thinking. Children and begin to think in words and use words to solve problems. Talking also helps children control their behaviors and emotions

204
Q

theory of mind

A

people’s idea about their own and others’ mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

205
Q

What occurs when adolescents reach formal operations

A

They are able to apply their abstract reasoning to the world around them and debate morals. Also thinking about the meaning of life and able to deduce consequences

206
Q

What are 2 crucial tasks of childhood and adolescense

A

Discerning right from wrong and developing character

207
Q

What does Johnathan Haidt believe morality is rooted in

A

Moral intuitions, quick gut feelings

208
Q

What are adults most likely to recall

A

Events that occurred during their teens or twenties - reminiscence bump

209
Q

How does recall and recognition fare with age

A

Recognition is stable with age, but recall declines with age

210
Q

How does prospective memory (such as time-based tasks and habitual tasks) fare with age

A

Teens and young adults surpass children and 70 year olds in this task

211
Q

language

A

Our agreed-upon systems of spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning

212
Q

What did Noam Chomsky argue about language acquisition?

A

He argued that language is unlearned, he also proposed that we are born with a language acquisition device that allows us to learn any human language and a predisposition for grammar

213
Q

Phonemes

A

The smallest distinctive sound unit

214
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest unit that carries meaning, it may be a word or a part of a word

215
Q

Grammar

A

the system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others

216
Q

Semantics

A

Languages set of rule for deriving meaning from sounds

217
Q

Syntax

A

Set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

218
Q

Universal grammar

A

Human’s innate predisposition to understand the principles and rules that govern grammar in all languages

219
Q

Receptive language

A

A babies ability to understand what is said to and about them

220
Q

What are babies able to do that adults aren’t

A

Listen to an unfamiliar language and segment spoken sounds into individual words, able able to discriminate and produce sounds and tones outside their native language

221
Q

Babbling stage

A

Stage in speech development around 4 months old where a baby utters various sounds that are not all related to the household langauge

222
Q

Productive language

A

2nd language stage in babies where they’re able to produce words

223
Q

What occurs around 10 months in baby language

A

The infants babbling can be identified from the household language

224
Q

One word stage

A

The stage in speech development around ages 1-2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words

225
Q

2 word stage

A

Beginning around age 2 where the child speaks mostly in 2 words statements

226
Q

telegraphic speech

A

Each speech stage where a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs

227
Q

What are the stages in baby speech development

A

Babbling stage, babbling resembling household language, one-word speech, 2-word speech/telegraphic speech, then complete sentences

228
Q

What occurs to a child if they aren’t exposure to any type of language before 7

A

They miss the critical period for language and are unable to master any language

229
Q

aphasia

A

Impairment of language usually cause by left hemisphere damage to Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area

230
Q

Difference between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

A

Broca’s area impairs speech production while Wernicke’s area impair understanding of other’s speech and spoke nonsense

231
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

Developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf who hypothesized that language determines the way we think

232
Q

linguistic relativism

A

The idea that language influences the way we think

233
Q
A

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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