Unit 0: Scientific Foundations of Psychology

Question 1

Explain how psychology is a science.

Answer 1

Psychology is a science because it follows the scientific process just like normal science, meaning they have to come up with an experiment, hypothesis, conclusion, etc

Question 2

Describe the three key elements of the scientific attitude

Answer 2

The 3 elements of scientific attitude are humility, curiosity, and skepticism

Question 3

What is Critical Thinking?

Answer 3

Taking the information given and using different processes in order to process that information, meaning to question, analyze, describe, etc in order to better understand that information

Question 4

Hindsight bias

Answer 4

When people feel that the answer was obvious after being given the answer

Question 5

Confirmation Bias

Answer 5

When people only search for info that would further enhance their own belief instead of searching for conflicting beliefs

Question 6

Overconfidence

Answer 6

people trust in their own abilities more than they should

Question 7

Peer reviewers

Answer 7

people that review a study afterwards to see if it is sound

Question 8

Hypothesis

Answer 8

If/then statement to explain the relationship between variables

Question 9

Falsifiable

Answer 9

the ability to be proven false

Question 10

Operational Definition

Answer 10

to make an experiment repeatable for the sake of being reliable

Question 11

Replication

Answer 11

an experiment is repeated to see if the results can be repeated

Question 12

Case Study

Answer 12

detailed study on 1 group or individual

Question 13

Meta-Analysis

Answer 13

taking multiple experiments and combining them for a more generalized conclusion

Question 14

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 14

observing something without interfering

Question 15

Survey

Answer 15

quick questions about a topic that is usually cheap and garners al ot of answers

Question 16

Social desirability bias

Answer 16

desire to answer what the researcher wants

Question 17

Self-report bias

Answer 17

answers that deviate from the truth

Question 18

Experimenter Bias

Answer 18

intentional or unintentional manipulation of the experiment to get desired results

Question 19

Population

Answer 19

group that is getting conclusions drawn
Sample: specific group to collect data from

Question 20

Sampling Bias

Answer 20

participants not being random and belonging to a certain group that makes the experiment not general

Question 21

Random Sample

Answer 21

taking random people from the population

Question 22

Convenience Sampling

Answer 22

taking people based on availability

Question 23

Representative Sample

Answer 23

sample that is representative of the entire population or of a certain group

Question 24

Experimental Methodology

Answer 24

systematic procedures and steps followed in a research study

Question 25

Non-Experimental Methodology

Answer 25

research procedure that does not include the manipulation of a variable

Question 26

Likert Scales

Answer 26

rating scale used to measure opinions, attitude, motivations, etc

Question 27

Institutional Review

Answer 27

process where an institutions reviews the experiment and things related to it to see if it is ethical

Question 28

Informed Consent

Answer 28

giving the participant enough knowledge of the experiment to give consent on whether to participate

Question 29

Informed Assent

Answer 29

same as informed consent but with minors

Question 30

Protect from Harm

Answer 30

protection of the participant form psychical and psychological harm

Question 31

Confidentiality

Answer 31

keeping participant info secret

Question 32

Research Confederates

Answer 32

people involved with the experiments participating in it to cause a certain event to occur

Question 33

Measure of Central Tendency

Answer 33

tendency to gravitate to the center or average of the data

Question 34

Measures of Variation

Answer 34

how far the values in the dataset are from each other

Question 35

What are the 4 science practices that all students should develop?

Answer 35

Concept application, research methods & designs, data interpretation, and argumentation

Question 36

What are the 4 basic ethical principles?

Answer 36

Informed consent
protection from harm
confidential info
debrief

Question 37

Descriptive Stats

Answer 37

Numerical data used to measure and describe the characteristics of groups

Question 38

mode

Answer 38

most frequently occurng score

Question 39

mean

Answer 39

average

Question 40

median

Answer 40

middle score in a distribution

Question 41

percentile rank

Answer 41

Percentage of scores that are lower than a given score

Question 42

skewed

Answer 42

Representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

Question 43

range

Answer 43

Gap between lowest and highest

Question 44

Standard deviation

Answer 44

Measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Question 45

normal curve

Answer 45

bell-curve that describes the distribution of data. Most scores fall near the mean, about 68% fall within 1 standard deviation of it

Question 46

Inferential statstics

Answer 46

Numerical data that allows one to generalize the probability of something being true of a population

Question 47

Statistically significant

Answer 47

How likely it is that a result occurred by chance

Question 48

effect size

Answer 48

Strength of the relationship between 2 variables, the larger it is, the more 1 variable can be explained by the other