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AP Psychology > Unit 3 Learning > Flashcards

Unit 3 Learning Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

learning

A

Process of acquiring through experiencing new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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3
Q

association

A

Naturally connecting events that happen in sequence

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4
Q

How do habits form

A

When behavior is repeating in a given context

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5
Q

On average, when do behaviors become habitual

A

66 days

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6
Q

habituates

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

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7
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of associative learning

A

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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9
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Associating 2 events and thus anticipating the events

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10
Q

stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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11
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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12
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learn to associate a response and its consequence

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13
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment and produces a consequence

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14
Q

cognitive learning

A

acquisition of mental information by overserving, watching others, or through language

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15
Q

behaviorism

A

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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16
Q

Who was behind behaviorism

A

John B Watson

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17
Q

Neutral stimuli

A

Classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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18
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Classical conditioning, an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

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19
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally triggers an unconditioned response

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20
Q

Conditioned response

A

Classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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21
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response

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22
Q

What are the 5 major conditioning processes

A

Acquisition
extinction
spontaneous recovery
generalization
discrimination

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23
Q

Acquisition - cc

A

Initial stage where a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is linked

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24
Q

How much time should elapse between the NS and the UCS

A

1/2 a second

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25
Classically conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps prepare for good or bad events
:D
26
Higher order conditioning
Procedure where the conditioned stimulus in 1 conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second weaker conditioned stimulus
27
Extinction - cc
Diminishing of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned response
28
Spontaneous Recovery - cc
The reappearance of a weakened conditioned response
29
Generalization - cc
Tendency for similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
30
Discrimination -cc
Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimulus
31
What did the Little Albert Experiment show
Learned fearsW
32
Who conducted the Little Albert Experiment
Watson and Rayner
33
What have people assumed about animals since Darwin
All animals share commonalities in their makeup and function, therefore the basic laws of learning were essentially similar in all animals
34
What did early behaviorists realize about animals learning ability
An animal's capacity for conditioning is limited by biological constraints
35
preparedness
biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value
36
What did John Garcia do
Proved the idea of preparedness and that not all animals have the same learning capabilities through this rat taste aversion experiment
37
instinctive drift
Drifitng back to biological behaviors
38
Law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable conseuqences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
39
What did BF Skinner develop
behavioral technology that revealed principles of bheavior control
40
operant chamber/Skinner Box
chamber containing a mechanism that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer
41
reinforcement
any events that strengthened the behavior it follows
42
shaping
procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
43
successive approximations
reinforce responses that are progressively getting closer to desired behavior
44
discriminative stimulus
stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
45
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting a pleasurable stimulus
46
positive reinforcer
any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response
47
negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing an aversive stimulusn
48
negative reinforcer
any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response
49
negative reinforcement is not
punishment
50
primary reinforcers
innately reinforcing stimulus ex. stimulus that satisfies a biological need
51
conditioning reinforcers
stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
52
reinforcement schedules
pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
53
continuous reinforcement schedule
reinforcing the desired response everytime it occurs
54
partial reinforcement schedules
reinforcing a response only part of the time
55
How does partial reinforcement schedules compare to continuous schedules
partial results in slower acquistion but greater resistance to extinction compared to continuous
56
what are the 4 schedules of partial reinforcement
fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable interval
57
fixed ratio schedules
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
58
variable ratio schedules
reinforces only after an unpredictable number of responses
59
fixed interval schedules
reinforces a response after a fixed time period
60
variable interval schedules
reinforces the first response after varying time intervals
61
What type of partial schedules have a higher response rate
ratio schedules compared to interval schedules
62
What type of partial schedules have a higher consistency
variable schedule compared to fixed schedules
63
punishment
event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows
64
positive punishment
administers an aversive stimulus
65
negative punishment
withdraw a rewarding stimulus
66
What do biological constraints effect how animals learn associations
they predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
67
instinctive drift
intendecy of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
68
response - oc
voluntary, operates on the environment
69
acquisition - oc
associating a response with a consequence
70
extinction - oc
responding decreases when reinforcement stops
71
generalization - oc
responses learned in one situation occuring in other, similar situationsd
72
discrimination - oc
learning that some responses, but not others will be reinforced
73
what are the 3 influences on learning
Biological, psychological, and social-cultural
74
Cognitive map
Mental representation of the layout of one's environment
75
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
76
insight learning
solving problems through sudden insight, contrasts with strategy-based solutions
77
observational learning
learning by observing others
78
Social learning theory
proposes that people learn social behavior by oberserbing and imitating other
79
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
80
mirror neurons
neurons that some scientists believe fire when we preform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brain's mirror may enable imitation and empathy
81
prosocial behaviors
positive, helpful behavior
82
antisocial behavior
negative, harmful bheavior

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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