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AP Psychology > Unit 1: Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1: Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Objective awareness of ourselves and our environment

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2
Q

What are 9 stages of consciousness?

A

Daydreaming and drowsiness
flow
dreaming
hallucinations
orgasm
food or oxygen starvation
sensory deprivation
hypnosis
meditation

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3
Q

What stages of consciousness are spontaneous?

A

Daydreaming and drowsiness
flow
dreaming

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4
Q

What stages of consciousness are physiologically induced?

A

Hallucinations
orgasm
food or oxygen starvation

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5
Q

What stages of consciousness are psychologically induced?

A

Sensory deprivation
hypnosis
meditation

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6
Q

What occurs in the consciousness when learning a behavior over time?

A

The behavior becomes semi-automatic and doesn’t require as much attention devoted to it

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7
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition

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8
Q

How does stimulus effect consciousness?

A

A strong stimulus can activate brain-wide coordinated neural activity that crosses the threshold for stimulus
weaker stimuli can be too weak or brief to be consciously percieved

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9
Q

What is an example of cognitive processing and subprocessing?

A

When you see a bird and are aware of its species is cognitive processing.
Sub processing is the brain’s processing of its color, form, movement that helps us figure out what it is doing and what type of bird it is

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10
Q

What is dual processing?

A

Principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

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11
Q

What is blindsight?

A

Condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

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12
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

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13
Q

Sequential processing

A

Processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time, generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problem

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14
Q

Is Parallel or Sequential processing best for routine business?

A

Parallel

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15
Q

Is Parallel or Sequential processing best for solving new problems?

A

Sequential

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16
Q

What is sleep?

A

A periodic, natural loss of consciousness

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17
Q

When you are sleeping, are you completely ignorant to the outside world?

A

No, your perceptual window is still open. You are able to maintain sense of time, sound etc.

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18
Q

Why don’t you fall off the bed when you sleep?

A

Even though you move around when you sleep, your perception is still somewhat aware, preventing one from completely falling off the bed

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19
Q

What are the 2 biological rhythms?

A

24 hour biological clock
90 minute sleep cycle

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20
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

Biological clock, regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle

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21
Q

What 3 things usually peak in performance during circadian peak?

A

temperature, thinking, and memory

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22
Q

What 2 things alter circadian rhythm?

A

Age and experience

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23
Q

What is Rem Sleep? Why is it also known as paradoxical sleep?

A

Sleep stage where rapid eye movement occurs, vivid dreams occur.
It is called paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed, but other body systems are active

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24
Q

What are alpha waves?

A

Slow brain waves of a relaxed awake state

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25
Q

What are some attributes of NREM-1?

A

Slowed breathing and irregular brain waves
Hallucinations
Hypnagogic sensations

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26
Q

What are hypnagogic sensations?

A

Bizarre experiences, jerking or a feeling of falling or floating while transitioning to sleep

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27
Q

What are some attributes of NREM-2?

A

Periodic Sleep spindles

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28
Q

What are sleep spindles?

A

Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity that aids memory processing

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29
Q

What are some attributes of NREM-3?

A

Slow wave sleep, Delta waves
Hard to Awaken
Children may wet the bed in this stage

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30
Q

What are some attributes of REM Sleep?

A

Lasts 10 minutes
brain waves become rapid and saw-toothed
Heart rate rises
Breathing becomes rapid and irregular
Rapid eye-movement
Genitals become aroused

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31
Q

Why do we not act out our dreams while we sleep?

A

During REM Sleep, the motor cortex is active which leads to some jerking, but the brainstem blocks its messages

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32
Q

As the night continues, how does it effect the length of the sleep stages?

A

NREM-3 grows shorter and disappears
REM and NREM-2 become longer

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33
Q

Are the sleep stages sequential or not?

A

They are not sequential. For example, NREM-2 can skip NREM-3 and go straight to REM Sleep. This can occur for the other stages as well

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34
Q

Are sleep patterns more influenced by nature or nurture?

A

nature

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35
Q

What is the function of the Suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, it adjusts melatonin production which effects sleepiness

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36
Q

What are 6 possible reasons people need sleep?

A

Protection, Restoration, Memory, Creative Thinking, Growth, and Energy Conservation

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37
Q

How does sleep restore?

A

The body and brain can repair, require, and reorganize
The Body can heal from infection and restore the immune system
Neurons can repair themselves and adjust connections

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38
Q

How does sleep aid memory consolidiation?

A

Helps restore and rebuild fading memories of the days experiences
Memories are consolidated during slow-wave deep sleep by strengthening neural connections
Sleep reactivates recent experiences in the hippocampus and moves to the permanent area in the cortex

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39
Q

How does sleep support growth?

A

During slow-wave sleep, the pituitary gland releases human growth hormones

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40
Q

How does sleep conserve energy?

A

Being inactive during the night helps saves energy for activities in the daytime, activities which would be more inefficient during the night time

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41
Q

How does more sleep effect athletic ability?

A

During REM and NREM-2 sleep, the neural connections build enduring memories, contributes to muscle memory

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42
Q

What occurs if we do not get enough sleep?

A

We accumulate a sleep debt

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43
Q

What are some effects of sleep loss on behavior?

A

Irritability
Tiredness
Depressive Disorders

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44
Q

How does REM sleep protect against depression?

A

During this stage, the brain processes emotional experiences

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45
Q

How does lack of sleep effect health?

A

Increases Ghrelin
Increases cortisol
Increases risk for heart disease and various other negative health outcomes
Enhances limbic brain responses to food

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46
Q

What effect does sleep deprivation have on immune cells?

A

They suppress the immune cells that fight viral infection and cancer

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47
Q

Sleep deprivation effect on the Brain?

A

Decreased ability to focus, process and store memories

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48
Q

Sleep deprivation effect on the Muscles?

A

Reduced strength, slower reaction time and motor learning

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49
Q

What are the 5 major sleep disorders?

A

Insomnia, Narcolepsy, Sleep Apnea, Sleepwalking, and REM Sleep behavior disorder

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50
Q

What is Insomnia?

A

Difficulty falling or staying asleep

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51
Q

What is Narcolepsy?

A

Sudden Attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

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52
Q

What is Sleep Apnea?

A

Breathing stops repeatedly during Sleep

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53
Q

What is Sleepwalking?

A

Repeated episodes of complex motor behavior while asleep, occurs in NREM-3

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54
Q

What is REM Sleep behavior disorder?

A

Acting out the contents dd dreams while asleep

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55
Q

What are the common fixes for insomnia, are they effective?

A

Sleeping pills and alcohol are not effective because they reduce REM sleep, resulting in decreased concentration and memory

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56
Q

What are dreams?

A

sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind

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57
Q

What are common themes in dreams?

A

Failure, being attacked, experiencing misfortune

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58
Q

What do most dream storylines contain?

A

Recent experiences and preoccupations

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59
Q

What occurs if we experience a sensory stimulus while dreaming?

A

It may be interwoven into our dreams

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60
Q

What was Sigmund Freud’s theory on why we dream?

A

Dreams are a safe output for our inappropriate desires

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61
Q

What is manifest content?

A

The apparent and remembered storyline of a dream, often a symbolic version of its latent content

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62
Q

What is latent content?

A

the unconscious drives and wishes behind a dream

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63
Q

Is Sigmund Freuds wish-fulfillment theory valid?

A

no

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64
Q

What is the Information Processing perspective?

A

Believes that dreams help sift, sort, and fix the day’s experiences in our memory
REM Sleep and memory have a positive correlation

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65
Q

How does sleep develop and preserve neural pathways? Physiological function perspective

A

Provides the brain with periodic stimulation, which preserve and expand the brain’s neural pathways

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66
Q

How does sleep make sense of neural static? Activation Synthesis Perspective

A

Researchers propose that dreams erupt from neural activation spreading upwards from the brainstem
Follows the activation-synthesis theory
Neural activity evokes memories which are turned into dreams

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67
Q

What is the activation synthesis theory?

A

Dreams are the brain’s attempt to synthesize random neural activity

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68
Q

What parts of the brain are more active during dreams? Which are less?

A

Amygdala is more active, the frontal lobe regions are idle

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69
Q

How does sleep reflect cognitive development? Cognitive Development Perspective

A

Dreams become more complex as people grow up
This perspective believes that dreams emphasize the brain’s top-down control
Also Believes that dreams simulate our lives

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70
Q

What is REM rebound?

A

Tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

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71
Q

What is a criticism of the Information processing perspective

A

If the brain dreams so it can process what occurred that day, why do we sometimes dream about things we haven’t experienced?

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72
Q

What is a criticism of the Physiological perspective

A

Doesn’t explain why people have meaningful dreams

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73
Q

What is sensation

A

The process where our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

74
Q

What is perception?

A

The brain organizing and interpreting sensory information

75
Q

What is bottom-up processing

A

Information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

76
Q

What is top-down processing

A

Information processing where we construct perception based on personal experience and expectations

77
Q

What is transduction

A

Conversion of 1 form of energy to another. Transformation of physical energy into neural impulses the brain can interpret

78
Q

What are the 3 things all senses can do?

A

Receive sensory stimulation
transforms stimulation into neural impulses
deliver neural information to our brain

79
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

Study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them

80
Q

What is absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

81
Q

What is signal detection theory

A

Detecting a weak stimulus depends not only on strength but psychological state

82
Q

What are subliminal stimulus?

A

Stimuli below absolute threshold for an individual

83
Q

What is difference threshold?

A

Minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

84
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A

Principle that to be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

85
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

86
Q

What is wavelength? (vision)

A

Distance from the peak of wave to the peak of the next, determines hue

87
Q

What is hue

A

Dimension of color

88
Q

What is intensity

A

Amount of energy in a light wave or soundwave, determines brightness and loudness, amplitude

89
Q

cornea

A

The eye’s clear protective outer layer, covers the pupil and iris

90
Q

pupil

A

Adjustable opening in the center of the eye where light enters

91
Q

iris

A

ring of muscle tissues, colored portion of the eye, controls size of pupil opening

92
Q

What are 2 things the iris responds to?

A

Cognitive and emotional states
Ex. Brightness
Ex. Disgust = constriction

93
Q

lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

94
Q

retina

A

Light-sensitive back inner surface of the eye, contains rods, cones, and neurons that begin to process visual information

95
Q

Accomdation?

A

Process where the lens changes shape to focus images of near or far objects on the retina

96
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black and white, are sensitive to movement and necessary for peripheral vision

97
Q

Cones

A

Retinal receptors concentrated near the center of the retina that function well in the daylight, detects fine detail and allows color vision

98
Q

What are bipolar cells?

A

Cells between photoreceptors and ganglion cells, transfers signals

99
Q

What are ganglion cells

A

Takes information form photoreceptors and transfer to brain, axons form the optic nerve

100
Q

optic nerve

A

Nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

101
Q

Where does the signal travel after reaching the photoreceptor cells?

A

Bipolar
ganglion
optic nerve
thalamus
visual cortex in the occipital lobe

102
Q

blindspot

A

Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptor cells located there

103
Q

Where are most cones located

A

Around the fovea, center of the retina

104
Q

fovea

A

central focal point of the retina

105
Q

What is a difference between cones and rods concerning communication with a bipolar cell?

A

1 cones transmits a signal to 1 bipolar cell
multiple rods transmits a signal to 1 bipolar cell

106
Q

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

Theory that the retina contains 3 different types of color receptors, red, blue, and green which can be stimulated in combination to produce any color

107
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Theory that opposing retinal processing enable color vision. Opposing colors can’t be processed by the thalamus because they exist in the same channel

108
Q

What are the 3 sets of opposing retinal processes

A

Red-green
blue-yellow
white-black

109
Q

What are the stages that color processing occurs in?

A
  1. Retinas green, red, and blue cones respond to color stimuli
  2. Cones responses processed by opponent-process cells
110
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus

111
Q

How do feature detectors work

A

Some of these cells respond to a specific type of stimuli, receives information from ganglion cells then passes information to other cortical areas/supercell clusters to respond

112
Q

audiion

A

Act or sense of hearing

113
Q

What determines loudness?

A

Amplitude of a wavelength

114
Q

what determines pitch?

A

Frequency of the wave lengths, number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

115
Q

what is sound measured in

A

decibels

116
Q

What represents the absolute threshold for hearing

A

Zero decibels

117
Q

What is the first step is processing sound?

A

When the sound waves strike the eardrum, causing it to vibrate

118
Q

What are the 3 parts of the middle ear?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

119
Q

middle ear

A

chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones that concentrate the vibration of the eardrum on the cochlea

120
Q

cochlea

A

Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear, sound waves travel through the fluid to trigger nerve impulses

121
Q

Inner ear

A

Innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

122
Q

What occurs when vibrations from the middle ear hits the cochlea?

A

The cochlea’s opening, the oval window, begins to vibrate, also vibrating the fluid inside. This causes ripples in the basilar membrane which bends the hair cells lining the surface

123
Q

What occurs when the hair cells on the basilar membrane move?

A

The hair cell movements trigger impulses in the nearby nerve cells. Those nerve cells converge to form the auditory nerve which then sends the neural messages to the thalamus and then to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

124
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve

125
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

Caused by mechanical system damage that conducts sound waves to the cochlea, the eardrum or the middle ear bones

126
Q

Cochlear implant

A

Device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

127
Q

How does the brain interpret loudness?

A

The louder the sound is, the more hair cells are activated. Number of activated hair cells determine loudness

128
Q

Place theory

A

Links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated.
Ex. A high pitch stimulated a certain spot on the basilar membrane, which tells the brain it is a high pitch

129
Q

problem with pitch theory

A

can only explain how we hear high pitch sounds but not low pitch. High pitches vibrate a small portion of the membrane, while low pitches vibrated more which made it hard to pinpoint the area of vibration

130
Q

frequency theory

A

Theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a nerve which enables pitch.
Ex. A soundwave with a frequency of 100 waves/s will cause 100 pulses/s to travel up the auditory nerve

131
Q

What is a problem with the frequency theory? What is the possible theory solution?

A

An individual neuron can’t fire faster than 1000 times er second, how are frequencies above 100 waves sensed?
Volley theory

132
Q

Volley theory

A

neural cells can alternate firing, so they can achieve a combined frequency above 1000 waves per second

133
Q

Why can we detect the direction of sound?

A

We have 2 ears and there exists a slight intensity difference and time lag. The auditory system is so sensitive that it can detect these slight differences and allow us to locate sound

134
Q

What are 4 things the skin Is sensitive too?

A

Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

135
Q

What does pain tell you?

A

That there is something wrong

136
Q

What psychological perspective is pain?

A

Biopsychosocial

137
Q

Biological influences on pain

A

Activity in the spinal cords large and small fibers
genetic differences in endorphin production
Brain interpretation of CNS activity

138
Q

Social-cultural influences on pain

A

Others presence
empathy
cultural expectations

139
Q

Psychological influences on pain

A

Attention to pain
prior experiences
expectations

140
Q

Are thir specialized pain receptors?

A

No, the closest are nociceptors that are present in the skin, muscles, and organs that detect harmful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals

141
Q

Gate control theory

A

The spinal cords contains a neurological gate that blocks or allows pain signals

142
Q

What opens up the spinal cord “gate”

A

Activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers

143
Q

What closes the spinal cord “gate”

A

Activity in large fibers or by information coming from the brain

144
Q

What are small spinal cords mostly responsible for

A

Conducting most pain sigmals

145
Q

What are large spinal cord fibers mostly responsible for?

A

They are stimulated by massage, electrical stimulation, or acupuncture

146
Q

phantom limb sensations

A

When the brain lacks sensory sensory input from a missing limb, resulting in the brain misinterpreting and amplifying irrelevant CNS activity

147
Q

What does memory remember about pain?

A

The pain’s peak and how much pain was felt at the end

148
Q

How do placebo painkillers help relieve pain?

A

People who believe the placebo will relieve their pain causes the brain to release actual endorphins which works

149
Q

Does distraction help pain?

A

Distraction activates brain pathways that inhibit pain and increase tolerance

150
Q

gustation

A

Sense of taste

151
Q

What are the 6 senses of taste

A

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, oleogustus

152
Q

How did tastes ensure survival for our ancestors?

A

Pleasureful tastes led ancestors to energy-protein rich foods
Aversive tastes deterred them from foods that may be toxic

153
Q

What did sweetness indicate for our ancestors?

A

Energy source

154
Q

What did saltiness indicate for our ancestors?

A

Sodium for multiple processes

155
Q

What did sourness indicate for our ancestors?

A

toxicity

156
Q

What did bitterness indicate for our ancestors?

A

poisons

157
Q

What did umami indicate for our ancestors?

A

Proteins to grow and repair tissues

158
Q

What did oleogustus indicate for our ancestors?

A

Fats for energy, insulation, and cell growth

159
Q

How does the tongue taste foods?

A

The tongue contains around 200 taste buds that each contain a pore that catches the food molecules and release neurotransmitters

160
Q

How do pores transmit signals about foods?

A

Each pore contains 50 to 100 taste receptor cells, some receptors respond to certain senses of taste. It then transmits it message to a matching partner cell in the temporal lobe

161
Q

olfaction

A

Sense of smell

162
Q

How do we process scents?

A

The molecule of a substance reaches a cluster of receptor cells at the top of each nasal cavity. These olfactory receptors are alerted and sends the signal through their axon fibers to the olfactory bulb, then to the temporal lob smell cortex and the limbic system involved in memory and emotion

163
Q

pheromones

A

Olfactory chemical messages that are secrets by members of the same species, can serve as sexual attractants

164
Q

How many receptor proteins are there and how do they process scents?

A

There are around 350 receptor proteins embedded in the nasal cavity. Scent trigger a combination of these receptors that are then interpreted by the olfactory cortex

165
Q

Why do some scents trigger emotions or memories?

A

The brain area where it processes scent is connected with the brain’s limbic centers associated with memory and emotion

166
Q

Kinesthesi

A

Movement sense, our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parties

167
Q

vestibular sense

A

Sense of body movement and position tat enables balance

168
Q

What are the 2 structures that enable sense of balance

A

Fluid-filled semicircular canals and the vestibular sacs

169
Q

What occurs to balance when the head moves

A

Movement of the canals and sacs sends signals tot eh cerebellum to sense body position and maintain balance

170
Q

Why do we experience dizziness

A

When you come to an abrupt halt or continue moving, the semicircular canals and receptors will continue sending signals that you are moving

171
Q

What is an example of vestibular sense?

A

When you fall, your arms automatically try to catch yourself

172
Q

What area of the brain does smell reside in?

A

Olfactory bulb

173
Q

What area of the brain does kinesthesis and vestibular sense reside in

A

cerebellum

174
Q

What area of the brain does taste reside in

A

Frontal/temporal lobe border

175
Q

What area of the brain does hearing reside in

A

Temporal lobes

175
Q

What area of the brain does vision reside in

A

Occipital lobe

176
Q

What area of the brain does touch reside in

A

Somatosensory cortex

177
Q

Sensory interactions

A

Principle that one sense by influence another

178
Q

McGurk effect

A

2 senses that disagree with each other will form a 3rd sense that blends the 2

179
Q

Embodied congition

A

Influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

AP Psychology (4 decks)

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