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health science foundations > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is cardiac output? what is the formula?

A

how effectively the heart is pumping. it is stroke volume multiplied by heart rate

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2
Q

what is the cardiac conduction system, and how do pacemaker cells function?

A

it is a pathway of speciailized cells that create and conduct electrical impulses. all of these cells are pacemaker cells, which can initiate, respond to, and pass on signals

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3
Q

what is the pathway of electricity in the heart

A

the SA node, the internodal tracks, Bachman’s bundle, the AV node, the bundle of His, the bundle branches, and the purkenji fibers

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4
Q

what do the internodal tracts and bachmans bundle do

A

they bring the impulse to the left atrium

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5
Q

what happens to the impulse when it reaches the AV node

A

it pauses to allow the atria to empty

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6
Q

where do the bundle branches take the impulse

A

the the ventricles

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7
Q

what is the inherent rate of the SA node

A

60-100 BPM

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8
Q

what is the AV junction rate

A

40-60. the AV junction includes the AV node and the Bundle of His, and serves to unite the electrical systems of the ventricles and atria

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9
Q

what is the ventricle rate

A

20-40

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10
Q

where do all normal rhythms originate

A

the SA node, they are referred to as sinus rhythms

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11
Q

what is an arrhythmia

A

a rhythm that originates from any other pacemaker. always abnormal

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12
Q

what is the isoelectric line

A

the baseline. you use the PR segment as the isoelectric line

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13
Q

intervals include

A

segments (flat portions) and waves

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14
Q

what do complexes contain

A

mutiple waves

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15
Q

what does one heartbeat contain

A

a p-qrs-t sequence

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16
Q

what is the most common lead to evaluate for rate and rhythm

A

lead 2

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17
Q

what is the morphology of the waves? what happens to morphology if you change viewing leads

A

shape, it will change

18
Q

what does the p wave represent. what should it look like

A

atrial depolarization. round, symmetrical upright, and small

19
Q

what does the PR interval represent

A

the artial cycle, not including repolarization

20
Q

what does the PR segment represent

A

atrial systole and the pause at the AV node

21
Q

what does the QRS complex represent

A

ventricle depolarization

22
Q

what does the ST segment represent

A

ventricular systole

23
Q

what does the T wave represent. what should it look like

A

ventricular repolarization. broad, round, leaning towards QRS

24
Q

what does the QT interval represent

A

the complete ventricular cycle

25
Q

what is the purpose of the R-R interval

A

it is measured to determine rate and regularity of rhythm

26
Q

what does the U wave represent. what should it look like

A

late repolarization, not usually seen. shallow, broad, and rouded

27
Q

waht does the Ta wave represent.

A

atrial repolarization. it is usually hidden in the QRS.

28
Q

how do you measure the PR interval and what should it be

A

from the beginning of P to the beginning of the QRS complex. should be 3-5 small boxes, which is 0.12-0.20 seconds.

29
Q

how do you measure the QRS interval and what should it be

A

from the beginning to end of the QRS, should be less than 0.12 seconds (3 small boxes).

30
Q

how do you measure the QT interval

A

from the beginning of the QRS to the end of the T wave. should be 0.36-0.44 seconds, or 9-11 small boxes

31
Q

how many boxes is 1 second equivalent to

A

5 big boxes, 25 small

32
Q

how many seconds is 1 big box

A

0.20

33
Q

how many seconds is 1 small box, how many milivolts

A

0.04 seconds, 0.1 milivolts

34
Q

what is heart rate

A

the number of QRS complexes recorded in BPM

35
Q

what is the 6 second method

A

the fastest method but the least accurate, and the only one that can be used on irregular rhythms. count the number of QRS complexes in 6 seconds and multiply by 10.

36
Q

what is the 1500 method

A

the most accurate. count the small boxes between QRS complexes and divide 1500 by that number. to find the number of small boxes quicker, count the number of big boxes, multiply by 5, and add the remaining small boxes on either side.

37
Q

what is the 300 method

A

the middle accuracy, best with regular rhythms. find a QRS that is on a dark line and count the number of big boxes between the next QRS. divide 300 by the number of big boxes

38
Q

what is a regular rhythm

A

a R-R interval that varies by no more than 1-2 little boxes

39
Q

what is a regular but interrupted rhythm

A

the underlying rhythm is regular, but an eptopic beat breaks it up, meaning either a pause or a beat that is too fast.

40
Q

what is a irregular rhythm

A

R-R varies throughout the tracing

41
Q

what is regularly irregular

A

it doesnt meet the defintion of regular but there is a clear repeating pattern

42
Q

what are the 6 basic steps in EKG analysis

A

determine the rate in BPM, examine for regularity, determine if the P wave is present and uniform, measure the PR interval, measure the QRS interval, identify the rhyhtm

health science foundations (13 decks)

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