Unit 4 - Western Europe Flashcards
What did Erasmus contribute to?
Intellectual ideas (humanism)
Erasmus is considered part of the ________ time period
Renaissance
The Renaissance spread from ______ to _______
Italian city-states, northern Europe
Where was Judaism concentrated in 1500?
Middle East, Europe
Where was Christianity concentrated in 1500?
Middle East, Europe
Where was Islam concentrated in 1500?
Parts of Asia, Africa, and southern Europe
Where was Hinduism concentrated in 1500?
India, Southeast Asia
Where was Buddhism concentrated in 1500?
South, East Asia
Trade routes: Asia to Mediterranean in 1500
Silk Roads
Most active trade route in 1500
Indian Ocean
African Trade Route
Trans-Saharan across North Africa
Trade in Northern Europe
Black Sea
Trade within Western Europe
Sea and river
List advancements TRANSFERRED ACROSS TRADE ROUTES by China by 1500
Porcelain, compass, silk, porcelain
List technologies TRANSFERRED ACROSS TRADE ROUTES by India/Middle East by 1500
Textiles, numeral system
List technologies TRANSFERRED ACROSS TRADE ROUTES that did not have one single originator by 1500
Scientific knowledge, astronomy, medicine
Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s views on ________
usury
_____ and ______ nobility disliked ITALIAN DOMINANCE over the Church
German, English
The widespread ________ within the Church and the sale of _______ caused conflicts
corruption, indulgences
Luther believed that ________ alone led to salvation
Faith
In what year did Luther post his 95 Theses?
1517
John Calvin believed that salvation was earned through a _______ and a good _____ ethic
righteous life, work
King Henry VIII dismissed the authority of the _______ in Rome
Pope
King Henry VIII eventually _______ with Rome
divorced
King Henry’s actions allowed him to ________ land and wealth of the _______ in England
appropriate, RCCq
Queen Elizabeth I formally structured the Church and called it the ________
Anglican Church
Queen Elizabeth promoted religious ________ for ________
tolerance, dissenters
The reformation in Germany: _______ converted to ________
princes, Protestantism
The Hapsburg family and the HRE supported the _______
Roman Catholic Church
Protestant and Catholic conflict resulted in _______
devastating wars (30 year’s war)
In France, the Catholic Monarchy granted Protestants _____________ through the Edict of ________
freedom of worship, Nantes
Counter-reformation: _________ reaffirmed Catholic doctrine
Council of Trent
________ was founded to spread Catholic doctrine
Society of Jesus (Jesuit order)
The Inquisition was ________ during the counter-reformation
reinvoked
What was the Inquisition?
A series of courts designed to stop heresy
Growth of literacy was stimulated by the ___________
Gutenberg printing press
The Bible was printed in _______
English, German, French
Constantinople fell in _____-
1453
Prince Henry the Navigator created definitive maps of _____
the coast of West Africa
________, like corn and tobacco, from the Western Hemisphere changed European lifestyles.
Agricultural products
European _______ changed the lifestyles of the Native Americans
horses and cattle (livestock)
Where was the Ottoman Empire located?
Asia Minor
Where did the Ottoman Empire expand?
Southwest Asia, Balkan Peninsula (Southeastern Europe), North Africa
________ was a tolerant, unifying force in the Ottoman Empire
Islam
Location of the Mughal Empire
North India
What did European nations do in India?
They competed for trade by establishing trading outposts on the coast
Describe 2 parts of the Commercial revolution.
- ) European nations fought for maritime control of overseas colonies.
- ) New economic systems: money, banking, mercantilism.
William Harvey
circulation of blood
Copernicus
heliocentric theory
Galileo
used the telescope to support the heliocentric theory
Kepler
planetary motion
Newton
gravity
Nepotism
RCC giving offices to illegitimate sons (“nephews”)
1054
Schism: RCC and EOC split
1648
End of 30 years war
In Russia, the orthodox church was _____ to rulers
subordinate
simony
buying or selling church office
The Hapsburgs dominated which two regions
Spain and HRE
Hapsburg-Valois wars were fought between _____ and ____ (religion)
Catholics, Catholics
Hapsburgs fought against German _____
Lutherans
Hapsburgs fought against Dutch ______
Calvinists
Hapsburgs fought against English _____
Anglican/Puritans(Calvinists)
1571: Ottoman Turks - what happened?
Battle of Lepanto
The Battle of Lepanto ended the Ottoman _________
naval threat in the Mediterranean
1571 was also the year in which _________
the Spanish Galeon set sail (Potosi)
What came out of the 80 Years’ War, or Dutch Revolt?
Dutch Republic North (Protesant) & Catholic South (Hapsburg countrol)
Mary Tudor, in between Henvry VIII and Elizabeth I, attempted to __________
restore Catholicism
English Navy sank the Spanish Armada in ______
1588
England replaced Spain as _________
the #1 naval power
3-way power struggle in France
Valois (Catholic), Guise (Ultra-Catholic), Bourbon (Huguenot=Calvinist)
Who won the power struggle in France?
Bourbon family
Thirty year’s war lasted from _____ to _____
1618 - 1648
Why was Cardinal Richelieu’s actions a WATERSHED in early modern European history?
Ended purely religious wars –> POLITICAL ALLIANCES
Joint stock companies were pioneered by the _____
Dutch
Renaissance time frame
1350-1600
Medici family in relation to Renaissance
de facto rulers, patrons of the arts
Definition of humanism
MAN is the measure of all things, NOT GOD
How did the Renaissance spread to the North?
Trade, printing, merchant guilds
Erasmus was a _______
Dutch humanist
Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided Latin America between Portugal and Spain
Peter the Great and Catherine the Great did what to Russia?
Introduced western ideas
Louis XIV was an ______ monarch
absolute
